A Little Life

by

Hanya Yanagihara

A Little Life: Part 1: Lispenard Street: Chapter 1 Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
Willem and Jude examine the apartment. It’s small, but they don’t have much to put in it. They tell the apartment’s agent that they’ll take it. But when they return to the agent’s office, the agent tells them they won’t be able to rent the apartment after all: they don’t make enough money, and they don’t have anything in savings. The agent asks if their parents would co-sign the lease for them. Willem immediately replies that their parents are dead. 
From the start, readers see that struggle is the foundation of Willem’s and Jude’s lives: they struggle financially to the point that they cannot to rent a small apartment (albeit a small Manhattan apartment), and both their parents are dead.
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When Willem and Jude relay this story to JB and Malcolm over dinner in Chinatown, they comically bend the truth, claiming that the place was full of mouse droppings, and the agent got mad at them because Willem wouldn’t return her flirtations. Malcolm asks why Willem and Jude don’t just stay where they are now. Willem reminds Malcolm that Merritt’s boyfriend is moving in, so he has to move out. And Jude can’t stay with Malcolm’s parents forever, even though they really like Jude.
Jude and Willem bend the truth to make light of their failure to secure an apartment. Not only is this a way to respond to hardship, but it also introduces the idea that people are the authors of their lives. That is, one’s identity and the cumulative meaning of one’s life isn’t an essential thing, but rather something a person constructs, consciously and continuously.
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JB offers to let Willem and Jude live with him, but he knows they’d hate it—JB lives with other struggling artists in Ezra’s loft. Ezra is a horrible artist, but he’s exorbitantly wealthy and throws big parties with lots of free food, booze, and drugs. Just then, JB remembers that one of his coworkers at the magazine is trying to help her aunt find tenants for an apartment she owns near Chinatown. JB can introduce her to Jude and Willem. Willem agrees to stop by JB’s office tomorrow around lunch. 
That JB is living in some awful warehouse with other struggling artists who lack the funds to secure apartments of their own shows that JB, like Willem and Jude, is struggling. This sets the tone for the novel to be a story of young, ambitious hopefuls who arrive in the city determined to claw their way to the top and become successful—a conventional bildungsroman, or coming-of-age story.
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The next day, Willem meets JB at the arts magazine in SoHo, where JB works as a receptionist. JB took the job because he planned to befriend one of the magazine’s editors and then convince them to feature him in the magazine. This was three months ago, and nothing’s happened yet—and JB can’t believe that nobody has recognized his obvious talent. He’s not good at his job and hardly ever answers the ringing phones—he’s too preoccupied with the garbage bag of hair he keeps beneath his desk. Lately, JB has been making sculptures out of Black hair that he’s collected from barbers and beauty shops throughout the city. The project involves braiding the accumulated hair into one giant braid. Last week, he duped his friends into helping him braid, promising them beer and pizza; everyone left once it became clear that JB had no plans to order food or drink.   
The reader gets a good sense of JB’s character from this scene alone. He shamelessly tries to ingratiate himself with magazine staff to try to get them to publish his work in the magazine and kick off his career. Meanwhile, he has no qualms about doing an objectively subpar job with his receptionist responsibilities. And while it’s one thing to underperform at a job he’s likely being underpaid to do, JB approaches his friends with no more integrity, duping them into helping him and then failing to come through with the compensation of beer and pizza he promised them. JB, it’s clear, will abandon all personal morals to get ahead.
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Jude is the only one of JB’s friends who thinks the hair pieces could be great one day. JB gave Jude a hair-covered hairbrush as thanks, but he’d taken it back when Ezra’s father, who is very wealthy, seemed interested in buying it. The second time JB tricked his friends into helping him, Malcolm mentioned that the hair stank, and Jude accused him of being “a self-hating Negro and an Uncle Tom.” Malcolm usually doesn’t take criticisms like this too badly, but that night, he dumped his wine into one of the bags of hair and stormed out.
Jude shows that he’s either more appreciative of art than his friends, or perhaps just more appreciate of JB’s feelings, when he argues that JB’s hair pieces have something to them. But then, JB thanks Jude for his kindness and/or recognition by taking the hairbrush from him without a second thought, since he’s so enamored with the idea of earning some extra cash from Ezra’s wealthy father. Once more, the novel shows that there’s really no limit to how low JB will go to get ahead. So far, he’s clearly the friend who’s willing to sell their soul if it means they can make their dreams a reality. Jude, meanwhile, cuts a sharp contrast to JB: he’s sensitive, observant, and thoughtful.
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Now, JB leaves the ringing phone behind, and he and Willem head out to meet up with Annika. As they walk JB complains about Dean, the pretentious senior editor he’s been trying to win over. But it’s been weeks now, and Dean hasn’t warmed to JB. Lately, JB has started to complain that his time at the magazine has been a waste, and everything else—graduate school, moving to New York, and sometimes, life itself—has been for nothing, too.
JB leaving behind a ringing phone (which is clearly his job to answer) adds a note of comedy. For all the infamy this book has received for being excruciatingly depressing, it is peppered with brief moments of comedy like this one. JB’s complaints that all of life is worthless (while he’s yet to reach 30 years of age) is also played for comedic effect, but it also reinforces how laser-focused JB is on success.
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JB and Willem reach Lispenard Street, which neither of them has heard of. At the office, Annika is normally very intimidating, but around Willem, she becomes “nervous and girlish” and can’t even bring herself to look at him. Willem seems unaware of the effect he has on her—and on most women. Jude once suggested that Willem sensed women’s attention but ignored it to be nonthreatening to other men. Willem asks Annika if the building’s elevator works well—his friend, he explains, has trouble with stairs. Annika blushes and says the elevator works fine. 
This scene gives the reader their first real sense of Willem’s personality. He’s highly attractive yet not the type to make a big deal about it. He’s humble—though at this point it’s unclear if this is out of ignorance, or, as Jude once suggested, if it’s a thoughtful gesture meant to show other men that Willem isn’t a threat. Willem’s remark about his friend (Jude) having trouble with stairs suggests, perhaps, that Jude experiences some degree of limited mobility, and this introduces the book’s key theme of pain and suffering’s role in human existence.
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They enter the apartment, and it’s not great: the place is comically tiny and dilapidated. There are two twin beds in the small bedroom. Willem asks JB how he likes the place. Inwardly, JB thinks the place is “a shithole.” Though Ezra’s place isn’t great either, JB is only living there because the rent is free. He also knows his family would help him out before they’d let him stay in a place like this. Still, he knows that Willem and Jude are on their own, so to JB tells Willem the place is great, and Willem tells Annika they’ll take it. After they leave, JB asks Willem to treat him to lunch.
Again, JB shows that he’s willing to compromise some moral integrity and use people to get ahead. Still, JB’s shameless (albeit comical) hint that he’d like Willem to buy him lunch—a hint he drops immediately after meditating on how much financial security he has relative to Willem—reaffirms his selfishness and/or lack of introspection. 
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On Sunday, JB rides the train to JB’s mother’s house and thinks about how grateful he is for his family. JB’s father, an immigrant from Haiti, died when JB was only three. After JB’s father’s death, JB’s mother, a second-generation Haitian American woman, earned her doctorate in education. She sent JB to a private school on scholarship. Later, she went on to become the principal of a magnet program in Manhattan and an adjunct professor at Brooklyn College. His grandmother cooked for him and sang to him in French, and his mother’s sister, a detective, and her partner didn’t have any children and thought of him as their own. His aunt loved art and once took him to the Museum of Modern Art, where was blown away by Jackson Pollock’s One: Number 31, 1950.
Readers don’t know much about Jude’s or Willem’s parents other than that they’re dead, but even with this minimal information, it’s clear that JB has a more reliable support system than his friends—emotionally and financially. Perhaps this helps explain some of the entitled or selfish behavior he’s demonstrated thus far: his family has helped him to believe that he deserves the best, and so that’s what he strives for.
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Though JB’s homelife was harmonious and supportive, he lied about his life to make his white schoolfriends uncomfortable, insinuating that he was just “another fatherless black boy.” He told them his mother had finished school after he was born, not specifying that it was graduate school; and he said his aunt “walked the streets,” not clarifying that she did so as a detective, not a sex worker.
JB lies to his white school friends to pretend that his life conforms to the racial stereotypes they might have had about his family life and economic status—even though JB’s stable home life doesn’t conform to these stereotypes. This scene demonstrates the role that others’ opinions and society at large play in shaping a person’s constructed outer persona, and even the way they think of themselves. 
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JB’s family has always had faith that his art will be appreciated one day. And some days he lets himself believe them. Other days, he wonders if they must be crazy or have bad taste. But regardless, he looks forward to these secret Sunday visits, especially when he thinks of his friends’ parents: Malcolm’s father is highly intelligent and critical, and Malcolm’s mother is somewhat spacey. Willem’s parents are dead and Jude’s parents are “nonexistent”; his childhood was apparently too horrific for him to speak of. Willem once said, “We don’t get the families we deserve,” and JB had agreed, outwardly. Inside, though, he knows he deserves his family. They think he's “wonderful,” and JB believes he is wonderful.
JB is aware of how fortunate he is relative to his friends. Jude and Willem lack emotional and financial support. And though Malcolm has had the privilege to come from a wealthy family, his father, JB seems to suggest, doesn’t lift Malcolm up in the way JB’s family does for JB. JB’s meditations here emphasize just how important it is to have a support system. It's a tough world out there, and it’s nice to have people with whom to seek shelter from the storm. Willem’s remark about not “get[ting] the families we deserve” reinforces the novel’s grim tone. It’s rare to have the support and protection JB has. Life is hard, and nobody is guaranteed love, safety, protection, and happiness.
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The elevator breaks the day Willem and Jude move into their new apartment. Willem is upset, but nobody minds that much; it’s a late fall day, and the air is cold and dry. And they have plenty of people to help them: Jude and Malcolm and JB’s friend Richard, and two friends they all have in common, both named Henry Young (they call one Black Henry Young and the other Asian Henry Young). Seeing Jude struggling with the stairs, Willem asks him quietly if he needs help. “No,” Jude replies curtly.
Willem’s frustration at the elevator breaking down suggests that he cares about Jude a lot and is even rather protective of him. Recall how Willem made sure to confirm with Annika that the elevator worked when she showed them the apartment in the earlier scene: it’s clear that Willem is attuned to Jude’s needs and wellbeing—even if Jude rejects or resents Willem’s concern, as his curt response to Willem in this scene suggests.
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Eventually, everyone else leaves, and Jude and Willem are alone together in their new apartment. The apartment isn’t much, but to Jude and Willem, it’s enough. As they talk, Willem can see Jude’s eyes closed and twitching, and by the way he holds his legs rigidly before him, he knows Jude is in pain. But Willem also knows that there’s nothing he can do about it. If he offers Jude aspirin, Jude will decline it. And if he suggests that he lie down, Jude will tell him he’s fine.  Willem gets up and walks to the bathroom.
Unlike JB and Malcolm, Jude and Willem don’t have a family to turn to for help or support, so Lispenard Street, even if it’s not much, is a big deal to them because it fulfills this empty space in their lives. It’s a place to call home, and a place where they can seek shelter from the cruel and unforgiving outside world. This scene also offers additional insight into Jude as a character. It’s clear he has some kind of disability—and that he doesn’t like others to see it.
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Willem loves Jude, but he also worries about him and feels like his protector. All of Jude’s friends know that his legs pain him. He used a cane in college, and he had leg braces with external pins that were drilled right into his bones. But he never complained about his legs, nor did he begrudge others for their suffering.
Jude goes out of his way to underplay his chronic pain and physical disability. It’s not clear why. He could be ashamed of it (though he needn’t be, of course), or he could simply not want to be defined by his disability. At any rate, Jude’s legs lend another air of mystery to an already enigmatic character. 
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During their sophomore year, for example, JB broke his wrist slipping on some ice. He made such a big deal about it and received so many visitors at the school hospital that the school paper published a story about him. Jude visited JB with Willem and Malcolm and always gave JB the sympathy he craved.
This scene further develops JB as a comically dramatic and un-self-aware character. Jude is the opposite of this: he tries to hide his pain and seems to want to be as invisible as possible. Again, why Jude is so reserved and withholding remains unclear to the reader (and to Jude’s friends).
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One night, not long after JB was released from the hospital after breaking his wrist, Willem woke up and found their place empty. It wasn’t unusual for Malcolm, JB, and Willem to be gone overnight, but Jude never went out—he’d never had a girlfriend or boyfriend and always spent nights in his and Willem’s room. That night, Willem felt compelled to check on Jude. And when he did, Jude was gone and his crutch was missing.
That Jude has never had a romantic relationship further illustrates his mysterious, withholding personality. It builds on his reticence to accept help from Willem or even to overtly acknowledge his chronic pain. For reasons that remain unclear, Jude is clearly not comfortable showing vulnerability to others.
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Willem found Jude in a bathroom stall in the communal bathroom down the hall. Jude had vomited, and he was on the floor and in unbearable pain. Eventually, Willem and Jude were able to return to their room, and Jude explained that he would just have to wait until the pain passed. He asked Willem to stay with him, though, and Willem slept by Jude’s side all night. In the morning, Willem awoke to find bruises on his hand where Jude had squeezed it. He walked into the common area and found Jude sitting at his desk. Jude apologized to Willem, and he made Willem promise not to tell the others. 
Jude seems to have gone to the bathroom to hide—he didn’t want his friends to see him in such a vulnerable and helpless condition, otherwise he would have stayed in the apartment. Given Jude’s extreme privacy, it speaks both to the degree of pain he’s in and to his trust in Willem that he asks Willem to stay with him now.
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Quotes
Now, as Willem stands in the bathroom while his good friend deals with his pain alone, he looks at his reflection in the mirror and thinks, “You’re a coward.”
Willem thinks he’s a coward for not doing more to help Jude.  He sees it as a personal failure on his part that Jude won’t accept his help.
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Malcolm heads home after helping with the move. JB, after he first visited Lispenard Street, warned Malcolm that Willem and Jude’s new place was awful, and he is right. Even so, Malcolm feels depressed when he returns to his own dwelling on the fourth floor of his parents’ house. He knows it doesn’t make sense to move—he doesn’t make a lot of money, he works long hours, and his parents’ house is so big he rarely has to see them. But he does still feel ashamed that he’s 27 and still living at home.
Malcolm’s relative wealth and support doesn’t make him immune to feelings of dissatisfaction and self-hatred. This suggests that while a person’s privilege can help them survive on a basic level, it doesn’t make them immune to the self-doubt, anxieties, and fears that are all part of being human.
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Malcolm’s arrangement would be better if his parents respected his privacy—they expect him to eat breakfast with them in the morning and brunch on Sunday, and they barge in on him without knocking all the time. His parents had stopped by unannounced on Jude when Jude lived there, too. His father likes Jude—he thinks that of all Malcolm’s friends, Jude is the only one with “intellectual heft and depth.” It doesn’t hurt that Jude graduated from the same law school as Malcolm’s father, and that Malcolm’s father had worked as an assistant prosecutor with the U.S. Attorney’s Office, which is where Jude works now.
Having a family gives Malcolm a place to stay, but it doesn’t seem to give him the emotional support and validation he needs. In this scene, Malcolm’s father praises Jude for his “intellectual heft and depth” but says nothing about Malcolm. And the fact that Jude graduated from the same law school as Malcolm’s father and has landed the same job makes it seem as though Jude is following in Malcolm’s father’s footsteps—while Malcolm clearly has not.
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Malcolm’s situation would also be better if his sister Flora were still here. Flora didn’t seem to mind all the attention their parents required, which gave Malcolm more freedom to retreat to his room. As a child, Malcolm’s father’s clear preference for Flora hurt him—and it still does. Malcolm worries that it’s silly for him to be sulking over his father at this age.
Malcolm’s father’s preference for Flora leaves Malcolm feeling hurt and inadequate. Maybe this explains why Malcolm has such strong ties to his three close friends: they give him the support and reassurance he doesn’t get from his family.   
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The next morning, Malcolm wakes up and decides that he’s finally ready to announce that he’s moving out. But he finds his mother in the kitchen making him breakfast. When she asks him how many days he’d like to join the family for their annual vacation to St. Barts (his parents still pay for his vacations), he decides to stay. When he walks out the front door, he is in “the world in which no one kn[o]w[s] him, and in which he c[an] be anyone.”
Malcolm wants to have two identities: the dependent and weak person he feels like when he’s at home, and the independent, ambitious person he has the power to become when he is out in the world. This highlights how a person’s circumstances shape their identity and self-image.
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