Clay

by

James Joyce

Maria, the protagonist of “Clay,” is an unmarried middle-aged woman working at a laundry in Dublin. While she is well-liked at work and known as a “peace-maker,” her interactions with others are superficial and even painful, as she is often mocked for being unmarried. Her only close friend is Joe Donnelly, whom she nursed when he was a child, and who is now married with a family. While he invites Maria to live with his family, she refuses, insisting that she is used to her life at the laundry. Throughout the story, Maria often says or thinks one thing while feeling something entirely different. When other people make her uncomfortable, for instance, she tends to force herself to laugh, thereby hiding her feelings from others. What’s more is that she hides her own feelings from herself, insisting that her independence is actually better than being married (even though she badly wants to be married), or that she loves her life at the laundry (when there are actually aspects she finds uncomfortable). Maria’s inability to acknowledge her own feelings is most striking when, at Joe Donnelly’s Hallow Eve party, she plays a game in which, blindfolded, she selects a lump of clay, a symbol of impending death that seems to affirm her destiny to remain alone. Maria is so unable to cope with this that she doesn’t even acknowledge to herself that the object she touched is clay, which shows her profound denial and loneliness. Ultimately, Maria finds herself paralyzed: alone, unable to admit her own isolation, and without any hope of real human connection, even with her closest friend.

Maria Quotes in Clay

The Clay quotes below are all either spoken by Maria or refer to Maria. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Loneliness and Estrangement Theme Icon
).
Clay Quotes

Maria was a very, very small person indeed but she had a very long nose and a very long chin. She talked a little through her nose, always soothingly: Yes, my dear, and No, my dear. She was always sent for when the women quarreled over their tubs and always succeeded in making peace. One day the matron had said to her:

—Maria, you are a veritable peace-maker!

And the sub-matron and two of the Board ladies had heard the compliment. And Ginger Mooney was always saying what she wouldn’t do to the dummy who had charge of the irons if it wasn’t for Maria. Everyone was so fond of Maria.

Related Characters: Maria
Page Number: 95
Explanation and Analysis:

What a nice evening they would have, all the children singing! Only she hoped that Joe wouldn’t come in drunk. He was so different when he took any drink.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly
Page Number: 96
Explanation and Analysis:

Often he had wanted her to go and live with them; but she would have felt herself in the way (though Joe’s wife was ever so nice with her) and she had become accustomed to the life of the laundry. Joe was a good fellow. She had nursed him and Alphy too; and Joe used often say:

—Mamma is mamma but Maria is my proper mother.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Page Number: 96
Explanation and Analysis:

There was a great deal of laughing and joking during the meal. Lizzie Fleming said Maria was sure to get the ring and, though Fleming had said that for so many Hallow Eves, Maria had to laugh and say she didn’t want any ring or man either; and when she laughed her grey-green eyes sparkled with disappointed shyness and the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin. Then Ginger Mooney lifted up her mug of tea and proposed Maria’s health while all the other women clattered with their mugs on the table, and she said she was sorry she hadn’t a sup of porter to drink it in. And Maria laughed again till the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin and till her minute body nearly shook itself asunder because she knew that Mooney meant well though, of course, she had the notions of a common woman.

Related Characters: Maria
Related Symbols: Rings
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:

She arranged in her mind all she was going to do and thought how much better it was to be independent and to have your own money in your pocket. She hoped they would have a nice evening. She was sure they would but she could not help thinking what a pity it was Alphy and Joe were not speaking. They were always falling out now but when they were boys together they used to be the best of friends: but such was life.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Page Number: 98
Explanation and Analysis:

Here she was a long time in suiting herself and the stylish young lady behind the counter, who was evidently a little annoyed by her, asked her was it wedding-cake she wanted to buy. That made Maria blush and smile at the young lady; but the young lady took it all very seriously and finally cut a thick slice of plumcake […]

Related Characters: Maria, Woman Behind the Shop Counter
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 98
Explanation and Analysis:

He was very nice with her, and when she was getting out at the Canal Bridge, she thanked him and bowed, and he bowed to her and raised his hat and smiled agreeably; and while she was going up along the terrace, bending her tiny head under the rain, she thought how easy it was to know a gentleman even when he has a drop taken.

Related Characters: Maria, Elderly Man
Page Number: 99
Explanation and Analysis:

Maria, remembering how confused the gentleman with the greyish moustache had made her, coloured with shame and vexation and disappointment. At the thought of the failure of her little surprise and of the two and fourpence she had thrown away for nothing she nearly cried outright.

Related Characters: Maria, Elderly Man
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 99-100
Explanation and Analysis:

He was very nice with her. He told her all that went on in his office, repeating for her a smart answer which he had made to the manager. Maria did not understand why Joe laughed so much over the answer he had made but said that the manager must have been a very overbearing person to deal with.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly
Page Number: 100
Explanation and Analysis:

[…] Maria thought she would put in a good word for Alphy. But Joe cried that God might strike him stone dead if ever he spoke a word to his brother again and Maria said she was sorry she had mentioned the matter. Mrs Donnelly told her husband it was a great shame for him to speak that way of his own flesh and blood but Joe said that Alphy was no brother of his and there was nearly being a row on the head of it. But Joe said he would not lose his temper on account of the night it was and asked his wife to open some more stout.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 100
Explanation and Analysis:

The two next-door girls had arranged some Hallow Eve game and soon everything was merry again […] The next-door girls put some saucers on the table and then led the children up to the table, blindfold […] when one of the next-door girls got the ring Mrs Donnelly shook her finger at the blushing girl so much as to say: O, I know all about it! They insisted then on blindfolding Maria and leading her up to the table to see what she would get; and, while they were putting on the bandage, Maria laughed and laughed again till the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Symbols: Rings, Blindfold
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 100-101
Explanation and Analysis:

They led her up to the table amid laughing and joking and she put her hand out in the air as she was told to do. She moved her hand about here and there in the air and descended on one of the saucers. She felt a soft wet substance with her fingers and was surprised that nobody spoke or took off her bandage. There was a pause for a few seconds; and then a great deal of scuffling and whispering […] Maria understood that it was wrong that time and so she had to do it over again: and this time she got the prayer-book.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Symbols: Blindfold, Clay
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

[…] Maria, blushing very much, began to sing in a tiny quavering voice. She sang I Dreamt that I Dwelt, and when she came to the second verse she sang again:

I dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls
With vassals and serfs at my side
And of all who assembled within those walls
That I was the hope and the pride.
I had riches too great to count, could boast
Of a high ancestral name,
But I also dreamt, which pleased me most,
That you loved me still the same.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 102
Explanation and Analysis:

But no one tried to show her her mistake; and when she had ended her song Joe was very much moved. He said that there was no time like the long ago and no music for him like poor old Balfe, whatever other people might say; and his eyes filled up so much with tears that he could not find what he was looking for and in the end he had to ask his wife to tell him where the corkscrew was.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Page Number: 102
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire Clay LitChart as a printable PDF.
Clay PDF

Maria Quotes in Clay

The Clay quotes below are all either spoken by Maria or refer to Maria. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Loneliness and Estrangement Theme Icon
).
Clay Quotes

Maria was a very, very small person indeed but she had a very long nose and a very long chin. She talked a little through her nose, always soothingly: Yes, my dear, and No, my dear. She was always sent for when the women quarreled over their tubs and always succeeded in making peace. One day the matron had said to her:

—Maria, you are a veritable peace-maker!

And the sub-matron and two of the Board ladies had heard the compliment. And Ginger Mooney was always saying what she wouldn’t do to the dummy who had charge of the irons if it wasn’t for Maria. Everyone was so fond of Maria.

Related Characters: Maria
Page Number: 95
Explanation and Analysis:

What a nice evening they would have, all the children singing! Only she hoped that Joe wouldn’t come in drunk. He was so different when he took any drink.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly
Page Number: 96
Explanation and Analysis:

Often he had wanted her to go and live with them; but she would have felt herself in the way (though Joe’s wife was ever so nice with her) and she had become accustomed to the life of the laundry. Joe was a good fellow. She had nursed him and Alphy too; and Joe used often say:

—Mamma is mamma but Maria is my proper mother.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Page Number: 96
Explanation and Analysis:

There was a great deal of laughing and joking during the meal. Lizzie Fleming said Maria was sure to get the ring and, though Fleming had said that for so many Hallow Eves, Maria had to laugh and say she didn’t want any ring or man either; and when she laughed her grey-green eyes sparkled with disappointed shyness and the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin. Then Ginger Mooney lifted up her mug of tea and proposed Maria’s health while all the other women clattered with their mugs on the table, and she said she was sorry she hadn’t a sup of porter to drink it in. And Maria laughed again till the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin and till her minute body nearly shook itself asunder because she knew that Mooney meant well though, of course, she had the notions of a common woman.

Related Characters: Maria
Related Symbols: Rings
Page Number: 97
Explanation and Analysis:

She arranged in her mind all she was going to do and thought how much better it was to be independent and to have your own money in your pocket. She hoped they would have a nice evening. She was sure they would but she could not help thinking what a pity it was Alphy and Joe were not speaking. They were always falling out now but when they were boys together they used to be the best of friends: but such was life.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Page Number: 98
Explanation and Analysis:

Here she was a long time in suiting herself and the stylish young lady behind the counter, who was evidently a little annoyed by her, asked her was it wedding-cake she wanted to buy. That made Maria blush and smile at the young lady; but the young lady took it all very seriously and finally cut a thick slice of plumcake […]

Related Characters: Maria, Woman Behind the Shop Counter
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 98
Explanation and Analysis:

He was very nice with her, and when she was getting out at the Canal Bridge, she thanked him and bowed, and he bowed to her and raised his hat and smiled agreeably; and while she was going up along the terrace, bending her tiny head under the rain, she thought how easy it was to know a gentleman even when he has a drop taken.

Related Characters: Maria, Elderly Man
Page Number: 99
Explanation and Analysis:

Maria, remembering how confused the gentleman with the greyish moustache had made her, coloured with shame and vexation and disappointment. At the thought of the failure of her little surprise and of the two and fourpence she had thrown away for nothing she nearly cried outright.

Related Characters: Maria, Elderly Man
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 99-100
Explanation and Analysis:

He was very nice with her. He told her all that went on in his office, repeating for her a smart answer which he had made to the manager. Maria did not understand why Joe laughed so much over the answer he had made but said that the manager must have been a very overbearing person to deal with.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly
Page Number: 100
Explanation and Analysis:

[…] Maria thought she would put in a good word for Alphy. But Joe cried that God might strike him stone dead if ever he spoke a word to his brother again and Maria said she was sorry she had mentioned the matter. Mrs Donnelly told her husband it was a great shame for him to speak that way of his own flesh and blood but Joe said that Alphy was no brother of his and there was nearly being a row on the head of it. But Joe said he would not lose his temper on account of the night it was and asked his wife to open some more stout.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Alphy Donnelly
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 100
Explanation and Analysis:

The two next-door girls had arranged some Hallow Eve game and soon everything was merry again […] The next-door girls put some saucers on the table and then led the children up to the table, blindfold […] when one of the next-door girls got the ring Mrs Donnelly shook her finger at the blushing girl so much as to say: O, I know all about it! They insisted then on blindfolding Maria and leading her up to the table to see what she would get; and, while they were putting on the bandage, Maria laughed and laughed again till the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Symbols: Rings, Blindfold
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 100-101
Explanation and Analysis:

They led her up to the table amid laughing and joking and she put her hand out in the air as she was told to do. She moved her hand about here and there in the air and descended on one of the saucers. She felt a soft wet substance with her fingers and was surprised that nobody spoke or took off her bandage. There was a pause for a few seconds; and then a great deal of scuffling and whispering […] Maria understood that it was wrong that time and so she had to do it over again: and this time she got the prayer-book.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Symbols: Blindfold, Clay
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 101
Explanation and Analysis:

[…] Maria, blushing very much, began to sing in a tiny quavering voice. She sang I Dreamt that I Dwelt, and when she came to the second verse she sang again:

I dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls
With vassals and serfs at my side
And of all who assembled within those walls
That I was the hope and the pride.
I had riches too great to count, could boast
Of a high ancestral name,
But I also dreamt, which pleased me most,
That you loved me still the same.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 102
Explanation and Analysis:

But no one tried to show her her mistake; and when she had ended her song Joe was very much moved. He said that there was no time like the long ago and no music for him like poor old Balfe, whatever other people might say; and his eyes filled up so much with tears that he could not find what he was looking for and in the end he had to ask his wife to tell him where the corkscrew was.

Related Characters: Maria, Joe Donnelly, Mrs. Donnelly, Next-Door Girls
Page Number: 102
Explanation and Analysis: