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Definition of Irony
Irony is a literary device or event in which how things seem to be is in fact very different from how they actually are. If this seems like a loose definition... read full definition
Irony is a literary device or event in which how things seem to be is in fact very different from how they actually are. If this... read full definition
Irony is a literary device or event in which how things seem to be is in fact very different from how... read full definition
Chapter 9
Explanation and Analysis—The Window Tax:
When the Crawfords and Bertrams visit Mr. Rushworth’s estate and receive a tour from his mother, the narrator makes an allusion to the “window tax”:
Having visited many more rooms than could be supposed to be of any other use than to contribute to the window tax, and find employment for housemaids, “Now,” said Mrs. Rushworth, “we are coming to the chapel, which properly we ought to enter from above, and look down upon; but as we are quite among friends, I will take you in this way, if you will excuse me.”
The window tax was a British tax put into practice in 1696 as a way for the government to tax wealthier people at a higher rate (akin to a property tax). Because the tax was based on how many windows a given property had, people eventually started boarding up windows or constructing homes with very few windows.
This passage is also an example of verbal irony because the narrator does not actually believe the windows were installed so that the Rushworth family would be more heavily taxed. Austen uses sarcasm here to communicate the sheer number of windows and size of the estate, which also comes across in Mrs. Rushworth’s attention to details in her extensive tour (such as which way they ought to enter the chapel).
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Explanation and Analysis—Mary Insulting the Church:
Before the Bertrams and Crawfords know each other very well, Mary goes on a rant in front of everyone about church—“the obligation of attendance, the formality, the restraint, the length of time,” and more. This is an example of dramatic irony because readers know—but Mary does not—that Edmund (her potential love interest listening in on this conversation) is planning to become a clergyman and takes church very seriously. When Julia reveals to the group that Edmund is soon to be ordained, Mary is “aghast” and Fanny pities her, highlighting the irony of the moment:
“My dear Edmund, if you were but in orders now, you might perform the ceremony directly. How unlucky that you are not ordained.”
[…]
Miss Crawford’s countenance, as Julia spoke, might have amused a disinterested observer. She looked almost aghast under the new idea she was receiving. Fanny pitied her. “How distressed she will be at what she said just now,” passed across her mind.
Fanny’s reaction to Mary’s faux pas is quite sympathetic, underlining her caring personality and manners. In contrast, this moment highlights—and foreshadows—Mary’s lack of manners (and lack of religiosity and morality), which will ultimately be the reason that Edmund ends their courtship.
Related Themes:
Chapter 30
Explanation and Analysis—Henry Falls for Fanny:
Henry developing romantic feelings for Fanny is an example of situational irony because he was the one who set out to make her fall in love with him. Henry—and readers by extension—did not expect to genuinely want to make Fanny his wife. His sister Mary’s response to his declaration of love for Fanny captures readers' surprise as well:
The surprize was now complete; for in spite of whatever his consciousness might suggest, a suspicion of his having any such views had never entered his sister’s imagination; and she looked so truly the astonishment she felt, that he was obliged to repeat what he had said, and more fully and more solemnly.
This passage shows how shocked Mary is, highlighting the ironic twist. Henry even later says directly to her, “You know with what idle designs I began—but this is the end of them.” He, too, is aware of the irony of the situation.
There are a couple more layers of irony to Henry’s feelings for Fanny. First, he had known Fanny for many months by the time he falls in love with her and had no interest in her when there were other available women his age at Mansfield Park. He chose to focus on flirting with Julia and Maria and barely took note of Fanny at all.
Second, Fanny not reciprocating Henry’s feelings—and outright rejecting him—is ironic because she comes from such inferior social standing. In other words, readers would expect her to say yes to his proposal in order to secure a financially advantageous match that Sir Thomas and Lady Bertram would be proud of, while being her typical well-mannered self to boot. That she rejects him shows how she prizes morality over manners—she sees Henry as a flirt who flits from woman to woman and cannot marry someone who has no moral center.
Related Themes:
Chapter 32
Explanation and Analysis—Marrying for “Love”:
The situational irony at the heart of Mansfield Park is that, while most of the characters talk about the importance of marrying for love, marriage in practice is much more about strategy and socioeconomic advancement. This tension is particularly apparent in how the Bertrams respond to Henry asking for Fanny’s hand in marriage. In Chapter 36, Edmund centers the importance of romantic love in his reaction to the proposal by trying to convince Fanny that she will come to love Henry one day if she gives him a chance:
Edmund now believed himself perfectly acquainted with all that Fanny could tell, or could leave to be conjectured of her sentiments, and he was satisfied […] She must be used to the consideration of his being in love with her, and then a return of affection might not be very distant.
While Edmund acts as if Fanny’s feelings toward Henry (or lack thereof) are the most important consideration regarding whether or not she should marry Henry, his father (Fanny’s uncle), Sir Thomas, takes a different approach. In Chapter 32, in a rare moment of rage and honesty, Sir Thomas names directly that marriage is about what’s advantageous for a family, while berating Fanny for not accepting Henry’s proposal:
“The advantage or disadvantage of your family—of your parents—your brothers and sisters—never seems to have had a moment’s share in your thoughts on this occasion. How they might be benefited, how they must rejoice in such an establishment for you—is nothing to you.”
As someone with no access to inheritance or wealth of any kind, Fanny is—in Sir Thomas’s mind—someone who should prioritize financial security for herself and her family. This leaves Fanny in a difficult position: she does not love Henry so does not want to marry him (as, in her mind, he is an immoral person who is not a good match for her), yet he offers her and her family financial security (which makes marrying him, in a way, the moral choice). Ultimately, of course, she stays her ground and decides not to accept his proposal.
With all the talk of love-matches throughout the novel, readers would expect the characters to prioritize love the way Fanny does, but time and again they do not (like Maria marrying Mr. Rushworth, Mary rejecting Edmund because of his lack of wealth, and more).
Related Themes:
Chapter 33
Explanation and Analysis—Lady Bertram’s Approval:
After ten years of neglecting and looking down on Fanny, Lady Bertram suddenly sees her as beautiful and approves of her as a family member, simply because a wealthy and desirable man (Henry) has proposed to her—an example of situational irony. Here the narrator captures Lady Bertram’s ironic internal thoughts on the matter:
Lady Bertram took it differently. She had been a beauty, and a prosperous beauty, all her life; and beauty and wealth were all that excited her respect. To know Fanny to be sought in marriage by a man of fortune, raised her, therefore, very much in her opinion. By convincing her that Fanny was very pretty, which she had been doubting about before, and that she would be advantageously married, it made her feel a sort of credit in calling her niece.
This is an example of situational irony because readers would expect Lady Bertram to continue to disapprove of Fanny, as nothing about Fanny herself has changed. The way that Henry’s proposal “convince[s] her that Fanny [is] very pretty” is quite humorous and shows how superficial Lady Bertram’s character is. It also shows how powerful access to money (and wealthy men) is to the Bertrams.
Related Themes:
Chapter 36
Explanation and Analysis—Fanny's "Friend":
In an example of verbal irony, the narrator refers to Mary as Fanny’s “friend” near the end of the novel—choosing to put the word in quotes:
The promised visit from her “friend” […] was a formidable threat to Fanny, and she lived in continual terror of it […] Her displeasure, her penetration, and her happiness were all fearful to encounter; and the dependence of having others present when they met, was Fanny’s only support in looking forward to it.
The juxtaposition of the word “friend” with the resulting description of how terrified Fanny is of seeing Mary shows that the narrator is being sarcastic. The overall effect is to show that Mary is absolutely not Fanny’s friend, and, at this point in the novel, has become almost akin to an enemy. This is because Mary is Edmund’s love interest and also because she has been trying to manipulate Fanny into accepting her brother Henry’s proposal, which Fanny intentionally directly rejected.
The narrator’s choice to call Mary a friend mirrors Fanny’s inclination to prioritize being well-mannered over being honest about her feelings about people. This moment shows how Fanny is, in some ways, trapped by a need to perform good manners.
Related Themes:
Explanation and Analysis—Marrying for “Love”:
The situational irony at the heart of Mansfield Park is that, while most of the characters talk about the importance of marrying for love, marriage in practice is much more about strategy and socioeconomic advancement. This tension is particularly apparent in how the Bertrams respond to Henry asking for Fanny’s hand in marriage. In Chapter 36, Edmund centers the importance of romantic love in his reaction to the proposal by trying to convince Fanny that she will come to love Henry one day if she gives him a chance:
Edmund now believed himself perfectly acquainted with all that Fanny could tell, or could leave to be conjectured of her sentiments, and he was satisfied […] She must be used to the consideration of his being in love with her, and then a return of affection might not be very distant.
While Edmund acts as if Fanny’s feelings toward Henry (or lack thereof) are the most important consideration regarding whether or not she should marry Henry, his father (Fanny’s uncle), Sir Thomas, takes a different approach. In Chapter 32, in a rare moment of rage and honesty, Sir Thomas names directly that marriage is about what’s advantageous for a family, while berating Fanny for not accepting Henry’s proposal:
“The advantage or disadvantage of your family—of your parents—your brothers and sisters—never seems to have had a moment’s share in your thoughts on this occasion. How they might be benefited, how they must rejoice in such an establishment for you—is nothing to you.”
As someone with no access to inheritance or wealth of any kind, Fanny is—in Sir Thomas’s mind—someone who should prioritize financial security for herself and her family. This leaves Fanny in a difficult position: she does not love Henry so does not want to marry him (as, in her mind, he is an immoral person who is not a good match for her), yet he offers her and her family financial security (which makes marrying him, in a way, the moral choice). Ultimately, of course, she stays her ground and decides not to accept his proposal.
With all the talk of love-matches throughout the novel, readers would expect the characters to prioritize love the way Fanny does, but time and again they do not (like Maria marrying Mr. Rushworth, Mary rejecting Edmund because of his lack of wealth, and more).
Related Themes:
Chapter 46
Explanation and Analysis—Henry and Maria’s Affair:
Henry and Maria having an affair near the end of the novel is an example of situational irony because readers are, by that point, convinced that he has given up his flirtatious, fickle ways in order to be faithful to Fanny. Fanny’s confused reaction to reading the newspaper clipping that revealed the affair captures the irony of this moment:
“It is a mistake, Sir,” said Fanny instantly; “it must be a mistake—it cannot be true—it must mean some other people.” She spoke from the instinctive wish of delaying shame, she spoke with a resolution which sprung from despair, for she spoke what she did not, could not believe herself.
This passage shows how, like readers, Fanny is shocked by this turn of events. Henry had just been visiting her in Portsmouth and she had just begun opening her heart to him, and now, suddenly, he is having an affair with her married cousin.
Not only had Henry been completely focused on winning Fanny’s affections mere weeks before this news leaked, but, according to an even more recent letter from Edmund, Henry had barely interacted with Maria at a recent party, implying that the two were not on good terms. Edmund goes as far as to describe it as a “coolness” between them. Just as Fanny is shocked by the news, readers are also shocked, as Austen intentionally set the scene for this ironic twist.
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