Moll Flanders

by

Daniel Defoe

Moll Flanders: Moll and James in America Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
Meanwhile, the midwife tries to get Moll’s case pardoned, but the cost is way more than they can afford. Even the minister goes on Moll’s behalf to try and argue her case again, but the authorities tell the minister that he should be happy Moll’s life was spared. In February, Moll is taken with seven other convicts and placed on a Merchant’s ship headed to Virginia. The ship set sails and begins up the coast, but the Merchant first stops at a place called Bugby’s-Hole. Moll convinces an officer on the ship to mail a letter on her behalf, so she writes to the midwife and tells her to bring the goods she packed for Moll to the next port, and she also encloses a letter for James.
The fact that the midwife could have gotten Moll’s case pardoned with enough money suggests the criminal system in England is corrupt—it is just as immoral as Moll was, which again indicates that Moll’s behavior is a symptom of widespread social ills, rather than evidence of her personal failings.
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Two days later, the midwife delivers Moll’s goods to the ship at port. She brings a trunk full of things that will be useful and needed when Moll arrives in America, along with a portion of Moll’s “Bank of Money.” Once Moll is established in America, she will send for the rest of her money to be shipped to her. The midwife is heartbroken at the sight of Moll, and she hates the idea of being separated from her. The midwife also brings with her a response from James, in which he says he has voluntarily asked to be transported. Unfortunately, James says, it is impossible to get on the same ship, and he will have to meet Moll in Virginia.
Again, Moll claims to be penitent, but she is already scheming to get money and goods to America, which is obviously prohibited. It is part of Moll’s punishment that she must go to America with nothing and work off her debt to society in the form of indentured servitude, but Moll clearly has no intention of sticking to her punishment. If Moll were truly penitent, she would likely accept her punishment, but she doesn’t. 
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Moll is concerned that James won’t be able to meet up with her at all, so she tells the midwife all about their relationship—except that they were married—and she tells her about their plans to start a new life in America. The midwife is so happy to hear Moll’s story that she promises to make sure James gets on the boat before it sails. She succeeds, and when the ship sails, both Moll and James are on board. Moll’s sentence will last for five years, but James is not allowed to return to England for the rest of his life, and he is quite upset. What’s worse, since James voluntarily transported, he is made to pay for his passage.
Unlike Moll, James clearly doesn’t want to leave London. For Moll, going to America isn’t so much a punishment as it is a new opportunity for her to make money and increase her wealth. She is still very much tempted by greed and the prospect of making more money, which again suggests Moll hasn’t learned her lesson and isn’t as remorseful as she claims. On the other hand, she may simply be making the best of the situation, since, as usual, she has few other options.
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Moll and James pool their resources. James had a fair amount of money when he went to prison, but the cost has been considerable, and he is down to £108 in gold. Moll puts in the money she has on board—£246 and a few shillings—but she doesn’t tell him about the £300 bank she left safe with the midwife in London. Their main problem at present is that their stock is all in money, except for the clothes and linens Moll has in the trunk from the midwife, which is useless in the Colonies. Moll bribes a member of the crew, and for 15 Guineas, she and James are allowed a nice room and a seat at the captain’s table.
Moll seems to be back to her old ways. She doesn’t tell James about all her money, and she continues to keep her secret bank in case she is left alone and destitute. Again, Moll’s limited opportunities and vulnerability as a woman are the source of her dishonesty; however, she is back to bribing and scheming, which implies Moll’s morals are still flexible.
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Before the ship sails, however, the midwife finds occasion to befriend the captain and inquires what kind of equipment one would need to become a planter in America. His lists off goods totaling around £100, and the midwife quickly secures them. She boards the goods on the ship in her own name and endorses them over to James to be collected when the ship gets to America. By the time the ship sails and all expenses are covered, Moll and James have £200 in money and the contents of two trunks secured by the midwife—more than enough to start a good life in America. 
Despite getting caught for her crimes and technically being punished, Moll is right where she wanted to be years ago—on a ship with James on her way to America. In this way, Moll’s punishment isn’t much of a punishment at all. In a roundabout way, Moll is getting exactly what she wants, which makes Defoe’s claim that her story is instructive seem a bit insincere.
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It is in this happy state that Moll and James set sail from Bugby’s-Hole. Their journey begins easy enough, but they are delayed by bad weather later in the trip. When they arrive in Virginia, Moll and James are sold as servants to a planter, and he offers them their freedom for a large amount of tobacco. Moll and James immediately secure the tobacco, along with 20 Guineas for good measure, and settle in Virginia, near the Potomac River. Moll receives their goods from the ship and stores them in a warehouse, and they secure lodging in a small village.
Again, Moll is right where she wants to be. She has purchased her freedom and is able to start a new life with James. Moll and James seem to be rewarded for their immorality and crime, not punished, which sends a conflicting message in a book supposedly aimed at “moral instruction.”
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The first thing Moll does is inquire about her mother and her brother—or husband, depending—and she learns that though her mother is dead, her brother lives on a nearby plantation with one of his sons. Moll asks around town about the man living on her brother’s plantation, and she learns that he lives with his son, Humphry. Humphry is the name of her own son, and she has not seen or spoken to him in over 20 years. Moll also learns that the whole town knows their incestuous secret. 
Moll’s reputation is still vunerable to her secret after all these years, and she fears that if others find out who she is, she will be ruined. Humphry is the only of one of Moll’s 12 children whose name is mentioned, which suggests some level of importance compared to Moll’s other nameless children.
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According to rumors, when Moll’s mother died, she left her estate to her Moll, to be collected if she ever made herself known. Moll is pleased to hear it but secretly laments her luck. Clearly, her secret is out, and if she makes herself known, she will be ruined. She debates her choices day and night for some time, until James notices her preoccupation. She tells James as much of the story as she must—that she has relations living nearby and that her mother has died and left her money—but she claims she is hesitant to reveal herself to them because she doesn’t want them to know she is a transported criminal.
Moll is still misleading James because she thinks he won’t accept her when he finds out about her incestuous past. Defoe implies Moll has good reason for holding out on James—he might very well leave her if he knew—but again, this reason highlights how impossible Moll’s circumstance as a woman are. She’s forced to lie because society wouldn’t understand that the events of the past were never really her choice.
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James tells Moll that he is willing to go and do whatever she wants. He will relocate to another part of the country or go to a whole new country if she wants, but Moll is torn. She wants her mother’s estate, but she doesn’t want James to know about her past with her brother. And, Moll says, she wants to at least see her brother and Humphry before relocating. Moll again interrupts her story and reminds the reader that the publication of her story is meant “for Instruction, Caution, Warning and Improvement to every Reader,” so they should not look too harshly on her for keeping secrets from James. 
Moll’s claim that her story is intended for the “Improvement to every Reader” again recalls Defoe’s argument that wicked stories can be put to good use through moral instruction. Moll’s desire to see Humphry after all this time further suggests that she loves and cares for him and didn’t abandon him because she is a heartless and immoral woman. Moll had little choice in abandoning her son, and she clearly regrets it.
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Moll and James decide to relocate to a new part of the country, where they will be just a couple looking to farm, not transported criminals. Moll selects Carolina, the southernmost colony, because she detests the cold, but she can’t decide whether she should send James on without her and visit her brother’s plantation first, or if she should settle in Carolina and then return to Virginia. She decides to first go to Carolina, and the trip is 200 miserable miles. Moll and James arrive at a place called Phillip’s Point and learn that the ship to Carolina sailed three days earlier. Exhausted and unwilling to travel further, they decide to settle right where they are.
It has already been established that it is not frowned on or considered taboo to be a transported criminal in the Colonies, but Moll and James are determined to conceal their identities as former criminals. This suggests that they are ashamed of their criminal past and don’t want to appear immoral to others. The constant back and forth between Moll’s remorse and her continued signs of immorality leave it ultimately unclear whether her penitence is genuine.
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James and Moll buy two servants and the required goods and lodgings, and within two months, they buy a sizable plantation with nearly 50 acres of cleared land. They plant tobacco, and it isn’t long before they have a thriving estate. Then, Moll tells James she must return to Virginia to see some friends, and she leaves for the east side of the Potomac River. When she arrives, Moll wants to walk up to her brother and tell him directly who she is, but she thinks better of it. She decides instead to write him a letter stating her case, in which she adds several warm remarks about Humphry, whom, Moll says, she knows to be her son.
Again, this isn’t much of a punishment for James and Moll. They live in luxury with servants and a private estate, and their success seems much more like reward. Furthermore, Moll continues to lie to James, which means she continues to sin and behave immorally, regardless of everything she has been through.
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Moll sends the letter to her brother, and when it arrives, Humphry intercepts it. Soon after, Humphry arrives at Moll’s lodgings in town. Moll is pleasantly surprised when she opens the door to Humphry, who is ready to receive her as his loving mother. He is overjoyed to know she still lives, and he goes on to say that he did not show his father Moll’s letter. His father is old, he says, and quite senile. He asks Moll how she has come to be in the Colonies, and she tells him that she is staying on a friend’s plantation across the bay. Humphry immediately insists that Moll live with him. His father won’t even notice her, Humphry says, but Moll can’t conceive of leaving James.
Just as Moll lies to James, she lies to Humphry, and she is further rewarded by Humphry’s willingness to forgive her and seek a future relationship as mother and son. Moll has little reason to lie to Humphry. It could be argued that Moll doesn’t want her son to know she is living with a man in an unlawful marriage—such a thing reflects badly on her morals. But Moll’s marriage to her brother wasn’t legal either, and Humphry doesn’t know about the linen-draper, so her marriage to James wouldn’t necessarily appear inappropriate to Humphry.
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Literary Devices
Humphry comes to visit Moll again, and he brings with him the will of Moll’s mother, which leaves Moll a plantation on the York River. The plantation has been kept in operation and maintained by Humphry, who visits a few times a year. There are a stock of cattle and several servants there, and Moll asks how much it is worth. Humphry says she would get £60 per year if she let the land out, but living on the plantation, she would likely garner upwards of £150. If she lives in England or across the bay and hires a steward to manage the land, she can expect somewhere around £100 per year. Moll is silently thankful for her good fortune, and she is never more ashamed of her wicked past.
Moll’s sudden shame over her criminal past implies she feels guilty and doesn’t think she deserves her sudden good fortune. But nonetheless, Moll’s main concern is still money, and her shame over her wicked past seems to be secondary.
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Moll tells Humphry that he is her only child and sole heir, and she says the plantation will go directly back to him upon her own death. Moll then gives Humphry the only thing she has of value—a gold watch—but she doesn’t tell him how she got it. Moll signs the appropriate paperwork and takes possession of her land, and then she hires Humphry to live there and manage it. He draws up a contract promising Moll £100 profit per year, and since she has a right to the current year’s crops, Humphry gives her £100 in gold. Moll stays for over a month, settling her affairs and visiting with her son, and then she returns to James.
The watch that Moll gives Humphry suggests she hasn’t left her criminal past completely behind her, and she is still benefiting from her stolen goods. What’s more, Humphry isn’t Moll’s only child, and she has nothing to gain by lying to him and claiming he is. Humphry’s honesty and willingness to pay Moll all the money she is owed makes her dishonesty appear all the worse.
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