Refugee

Refugee

by

Alan Gratz

Summary
Analysis
The day before the ship is scheduled to reach Cuba, the crew holds a massive party for the passengers. It is a celebration in the face of all of the trauma that they experienced in Germany, as they prepare for their new lives. The next morning, the anchor is dropped, and Josef learns that a Cuban doctor is going to visit the ship for a medical inspection, to ensure that none of the passengers are “insane, a criminal, or [have] a contagious disease.”
Getting closer and closer to Cuba provides the passengers with a deep sense of hope for their new lives, as they move past the despair that they experienced in Germany. It is only through this sense of hope that they were even afforded the opportunity to find a new place to live.
Themes
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon
When the doctor arrives, he asks for the passengers to assemble in the social hall. Josef runs back to his cabin and explains what is happening to Rachel and Aaron. Josef is concerned that Aaron will be deemed “too mentally disturbed to enter Cuba.” Aaron, meanwhile, grows frightened, fearing that the inspection will be like a roll call in Dachau. He tells Josef that he saw another man shot dead with a rifle right next to him, and he couldn’t make a sound. Rachel assures Aaron that it won’t be like that.
Gratz continues to reveal more and more details about the horrors that Aaron experienced in the Dachau concentration camp, and how so many people were robbed of their lives and their humanity by the cruel treatment of the Nazis.
Themes
Injustice and Cruelty vs. Empathy and Social Responsibility Theme Icon
Rachel and Josef escort Aaron to the social hall. As the doctor approaches them in line, Aaron begins to whimper, attracting the attention of other passengers. Rachel tries to comfort him, to no avail. Aaron starts to blubber, until Josef slaps him hard across the face. Josef is surprised at himself, but realizes that “in the past six months, [he] and his father ha[ve] traded places.” Josef lies to Aaron and says that the doctor is a Nazi in disguise, and that if Aaron speaks or moves, he will send Aaron back to Germany.
Even though Josef is still only 13 years old, the hardships that he and his father have undergone have caused them to switch places, as Josef even points out here. Josef is forced to take drastic measures with his father and treat him like a child in order to protect his father and the rest of his family, even if it means scaring and physically hurting him.
Themes
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Quotes
Rachel starts to cry, but Aaron pulls himself together and stands at attention like a prisoner. The doctor comes down the line and looks at each person. Josef, Aaron, Rachel, and Ruthie all pass the inspection. Josef is relieved, but he feels terrible for scaring his father, and for “taking his father’s place as the man in the family.” He hopes, however, that when they get off the ship, everything will go back to normal.
While Josef’s plan works, the burden of deceiving his father and having to act as the adult is a huge one to bear. This burden is only necessitated by the trauma of what has happened to Aaron in Germany, showing how trauma can lead to this extra undertaking of responsibility by refugee children.
Themes
Trauma and Coming of Age Theme Icon
Get the entire Refugee LitChart as a printable PDF.
Refugee PDF
Just as Josef starts to feel hopeful, the man in line next to him says that the whole process was a sham—there was no actual medical inspection. Josef wonders what the purpose of the visit was if it wasn’t for a proper inspection. Then, Josef sees that a few Cuban police officers remained behind, blocking the only way off the ship. A woman asks them when they will be allowed into Havana. The policeman replies, “mañana”—tomorrow.
Just like Mahmoud, Josef starts to encounter the word “tomorrow” as they ask when they can get off the ship. But as the word is repeated to them every day, it becomes less imbued with hope and more imbued with despair.
Themes
Hope vs. Despair Theme Icon