Summer of the Mariposas features numerous scenarios in which women bear great burdens or are harmed as a result of male selfishness and egotism. The upcoming one-year anniversary of Papá’s inexplicable abandonment frames the entire novel, leaving his daughters emotionally wounded and Mamá struggling to make ends meet. This abandonment is echoed in the story of the dead man, Gabriel Pérdido, who also left his family years ago and whose posthumous return ruins his daughter’s quinceañera and reopens old wounds. An argument between La Llorona and her husband caused her sons to run to their deaths, and Cecilia’s husband angered the ancient ones and left her to pay the price. Rather than suggesting that instances of male behavior leading to female suffering are the norm, the novel seems interested in reframing such scenarios as a vehicle for female solidarity and transformation.
On several occasions, the novel states that Tonantzin and other mystical beings have engineered the Garza sisters’ odyssey for the purpose of bringing the girls closer and leading their family toward happiness. La Llorona tells Odilia as much when she gifts her the ear pendant, and Tonantzin calls the girls her “cinco estrellitas”—five little stars—who are under her protection. Odilia and her sisters have been chosen to walk this path, which ultimately leads them to confront their greatest pain: Papá’s abandonment. The encounter leaves them changed, as they come to understand that Papá will never prioritize them. As a result, they develop a greater appreciation for Mamá and for each other. Additionally, La Llorona’s role in helping the girls on their journey releases her from the curse that keeps her searching for her children, earning her a place of honor and rest among the stars. The transformations these women undergo after being harmed by men suggest that female solidarity is the best way to move forward from such experiences toward a better future.
Gender Dynamics and Female Solidarity ThemeTracker
Gender Dynamics and Female Solidarity Quotes in Summer of the Mariposas
We splashed around in that cold, clear water like river nymphs, born to swim and bathe till the end of days. It was a magical time, full of dreaminess and charm, a time to watch the mariposas emerge out of their cocoons, gather their courage, and take flight while we floated faceup in the water. And that’s exactly what we were doing the morning the body of a dead man drifted into our swimming haven.
Yes. If I could have anything, I’d have Papá come back into our lives and take care of us. I wanted him to stop touring, get a real job, and be home every day like he used to be when we were young. I wanted Mamá to stop working and worrying all the time. It’s not like I wanted her to tuck us in at night and sing us a lullaby in Spanish like she used to. We were too old for that now. No. I just wanted to be a family again.
“You were chosen for the goodness in your heart,” she explained. […] “Your sister was right when she said finding the body of the drowned man was not an accident.”
She took my hand once again, her touch still deathly cold. Standing beside the hackberry shrubs with hundreds of empty desiccated cocoons still clinging to their branches and a carpet of butterfly corpses under her feet, La Llorona did not look anything like a malevolent specter. She looked more like a tired, heavily burdened woman.
“This is about all of you: your sisters, your parents, even your abuela,” La Llorona continued. “You must travel to the other side, into the land of your ancestors, to find each other again.”
“Gabriel was never really here,” Inés continued, in her trance-like voice. “He was always roaming, always wandering. I think some men are just meant for the road. They have no sense of place or belonging, no concept of family. Anyway, he’s home now, finally, and I thank you for that.”
“Who would’ve thought this guy had abandoned his family?” she asked, joining our conversation. “He looked so happy in the picture. I thought for sure they’d be waiting for him.”
“Nothing’s ever the way it seems, is it? I mean look at Papá,” Juanita whispered at no one in particular. She sounded distant, sad.
My heart suddenly ached for her, and I wondered if this sadness, this pain that seemed to overwhelm La Llorona, was what Mamá felt after Papá had left, when she went to bed at night and cried alone in the dark. Did she miss having a family then? Was it the family and not Papá she had mourned? Had we misjudged her sorrow?
From now on, I would look over my shoulder at every turn. I would make sure I knew who or what was lurking around me, waiting to harm us when we least expected it. For many people in this world were not who they claimed to be, and evil dwelled where you least expected it. It had certainly been that way with Cecilia, the beautiful butterfly who had turned out to be a poisonous wasp.
“What Cecilia has beset upon you is just the beginning. You must save the ear pendant’s remaining gifts. Use them sensibly, for there is so much more to life than nightmares and demons in the dark. In order to go home, to be truly happy again, you must face the worst enemy of all, the monster that lives among you.”
“You mean he doesn’t love us anymore?” Pita asked.
“Would you? If you had us for daughters?” Delia asked Pita, looking at her sisters resentfully.
That’s when I realized the evil of what the lechuzas said about us. We had been bad, yes, but was what Papá did our fault? “Yes, I would still love us,” I said, angry with myself for not realizing the twins had been blaming themselves for Papá’s absence all this time. “The way I see it, we didn’t fail Papá, he failed us. He’s the adult here.”
“Sometimes, men leave, for whatever reason,” Abuelita continued. “Nothing you did or could have done differently would have changed that. So I want you to stop blaming yourselves or your Mamá for the choices your father has made. Instead, I want you to continue taking care of each other the way you’ve been doing so far. I’m so proud of you for standing up for your hermanitas against those evil creatures. I’m sure having to do that has taught you how important it is to stick together and love one another more than anything else in the world.”
“Your father is like the sun, splendid to behold, but he must descend and let darkness rule for a time.”
I don’t get it,” Pita said.
The virgen stepped down from her throne and touched Pita’s face. “Without night there would be no rest, no room for growth. It is just the way things are,” Tonantzin explained in a serene voice.
[…]
“I know you don’t understand what is happening with your family,” Tonantzin said gently. “But you will, when the time comes. A new dawn is approaching, but you are very clever, very brave. You will not be blinded by his light.”
Then, just as reluctantly as the last leaf of autumn falls off a desiccated branch, Juanita’s hand slackened and fell away from mine. She walked away from me, leaving me alone with my anger and resentment. Papá’s arrival had done what Cecilia and her Evil Trinity could not accomplish. His empty promises broke the code of the cinco hermanitas. We were five little sisters, together no more—cinco hermanitas torn completely apart.
“We’re not tortas you can take out of the oven and set aside to cool off while you dillydally with a whole other life. Families are supposed to be important, and that’s one thing you never did: Make us important. And now you want to take away the only real parent we’ve ever had? Well, it’s not going to happen. We’re not going to let you get rid of Mamá.”
“You have done well, my daughter. Your migration through the voyage of pain and sorrow has been hard, but you are at the end of your journey. The Ancients have waited a long time for you to emerge, to spread your wings, to take flight. And now, they are ready for you to come home.”
“Only the sun is the alone in the sky,” the Virgen’s voice answered me from beyond the shadows of night. I couldn’t see anything, but I could feel her presence all around me. “I am with you every day. I am the moon, the stars, the sky. I am the river. I am the morning sigh. Remember mi Mariposa pequeña. You are one of many. You are one of us.”
At her words, a swarm of butterflies fluttered out of the hackberry shrubs and flitted around me, dusting me with delight.
In Aaron, Mamá had found a strong heart, and she’d attached herself to the offered hands slowly, cautiously, making sure he was the right man with whom to start a new life. But when she’d emerged from the safety of her cocoon, Mamá was happier and more radiant than we’d ever seen her. In our eyes, she was reborn into beauty—celestial, divine. And we couldn’t be happier for her.