David Lack was a British ornithologist who traveled to the Galápagos in the 1930s to study Darwin’s finches. He eventually concluded that the many species of finch on the island were constantly specializing to get out of one another’s niches, reduce competition, and ensure their offspring’s survival. His 1947 monograph, Darwin’s Finches, proved that there was enough difference between the beaks of individual finches to confer competitive advantages that would power natural selection—and, eventually, evolution.