The Paper Menagerie

by

Ken Liu

Paper Animals Symbol Analysis

Paper Animals Symbol Icon

In “The Paper Menagerie,” the paper animals that Jack’s mother makes for Jack symbolize his Chinese heritage. The paper animals are an artisanal specialty of Sigulu Village, where Jack’s mother grew up in China; she learned to make them and animate them with her breath from her own mother. When Jack is a child, he helps his mother write letters to her dead parents back in China. His mother then folds the letter into a crane, animates it, and sends it flying to her own parents’ graves. Thus, the paper animals literally travel between Jack in America and his ancestors in China.

Throughout “The Paper Menagerie,” Jack’s relationship to the paper animals tracks his relationship to his Chinese heritage. When he is young, he has an uncomplicated, positive relationship with both: he happily plays with the paper animals and speaks Chinese with his mother. As he grows older, Jack pushes his Chinese heritage away. A neighborhood boy, Mark, calls Jack’s paper animals “‘trash,’” insults his mother, and subjects him to racist bullying. In response, Jack demands his mother speak English and boxes up his paper animals. By boxing up his paper animals, Jack is figuratively “boxing up” his Chinese heritage to assimilate into American culture. At the end of the story, Jack reconnects with his Chinese heritage through the intervention of his childhood paper tiger, Laohu. Laohu contains a letter that Jack’s mother wrote to him before her death. It explains his mother’s childhood in China and how, after Jack’s birth, he made her feel connected to the homeland and family she had lost. The letter inside Laohu reconciles Jack to his mother and his Chinese heritage: he writes the Chinese character for ai, meaning love, all over the letter, refolds the letter into the shape of a tiger, and tenderly carries it home with him. Thus Jack’s love for, rejection of, and reunification with his paper animals mirrors his love for, rejection of, and reunification with his Chinese heritage.

Paper Animals Quotes in The Paper Menagerie

The The Paper Menagerie quotes below all refer to the symbol of Paper Animals. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
).
The Paper Menagerie Quotes

A little paper tiger stood on the table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background with red candy canes and green Christmas trees.

[…]

Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 178
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark, one of the neighborhood boys, came over with his Star Wars action figures. Obi-Wan Kenobi’s lightsaber lit up and he could swing his arms and say, in a tinny voice, “Use the Force!” I didn’t think the figure looked much like the real Obi-Wan at all.

Together, we watched him repeat this performance five times on the coffee table. “Can he do anything else?” I asked.

Mark was annoyed by my question. “Look at all the details,” he said.

I looked at the details. I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to say.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 181-182
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.

I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoe box and put it under the bed.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father, Mark
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 184
Explanation and Analysis:

“If I don’t make it, don’t be too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with you always.”

Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good news about the past year of her life in America. She would read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment about something, she would write it down in the letter too. Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane and release it, facing west. We would then watch as the crane flapped its crisp wings on its long journal west, toward the Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 186
Explanation and Analysis:

Susan found the shoe box in the attic. The paper menagerie, hidden in the uninsulated darkness of the attic for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping paper patterns had faded.

“I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your mom was an amazing artist.”

The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions were once alive. The memory of children could not be trusted.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Susan (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 188
Explanation and Analysis:

The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could not bear to look into her face.

Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my pen strokes with her words.

The young woman reached out and put a hand on my shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with my mother.

Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he purred, we began the walk home.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire The Paper Menagerie LitChart as a printable PDF.
The Paper Menagerie PDF

Paper Animals Symbol Timeline in The Paper Menagerie

The timeline below shows where the symbol Paper Animals appears in The Paper Menagerie. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
The Paper Menagerie
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...a young child, Jack won’t stop crying. In response, his mother begins making him a tiger out of wrapping paper left over from Christmas. Interested, Jack stops crying. When his mother... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Back in Jack’s childhood, after making Jack the tiger, his mother makes more origami animals for him. The origami water buffalo, which “want[s] to... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...the action figure, so Mark asks to see his toys. Jack shows him the origami tiger Laohu. At first, Jack introduces Laohu to Mark in Chinese, but then he uses English.... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
...father reminds her that she’s in the U.S. She deflates, “like the water buffalo when Laohu used to pounce on him and squeeze the air of life out of him.” Jack... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...gets him Star Wars action figures, including an Obi-Wan Kenobi figure like the one that Laohu broke. Jack gives his Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark. He packs his origami animals in a... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...English, she largely no longer speaks to him. For a while, she continues making him origami animals , but he puts them all in the box in the attic. Eventually, she stops... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
...mother asks Jack, in the event that she dies, to take out his box of origami animals each year on Qingming, “the Chinese Festival for the Dead.” Jack blows her off, but... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...for the sale. While cleaning out the attic, Susan finds the box full of the origami animals that Jack’s mother made for him. She declares that Jack’s mother was an “amazing artist.”... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...his mother making an origami shark for him out of tinfoil. He hears a noise—it’s Laohu, moving around. Susan has put Jack’s origami animals throughout their shared apartment, and Jack realizes... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...illness, she has decided to communicate with him. She explains that when she dies, the origami animals she made for him will stop moving; however, Jack can reanimate them by thinking of... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Art vs. Consumer Items Theme Icon
...she was a child, her mother taught her how to fold and breathe life into paper animals . In 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, her family was declared “enemies of the people”... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...and country she had lost. She loved teaching him to speak Chinese and to animate paper animals . Jack brought her closer to Jack’s father, and it also made her miss her... (full context)
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
Familial Love and Estrangement Theme Icon
Language and Translation Theme Icon
...letter. After that, the translator leaves. Jack folds his mother’s letter so that it becomes Laohu again and carries Laohu home. (full context)