It’s no accident that history is one of the four subjects students hoping to take the Keju must study, and which they continue to study in depth at various Nikara academies—The Poppy War broadly takes the stance that in order to prepare for the future, it’s essential to understand the past. However, Rin is introduced to the idea early on that while there may intellectually be one correct story of how a certain war progressed, or how or why something happened, the way that history is conveyed to students is necessarily biased. Master Yim, for instance, explains that it’s common for southern history textbooks to misrepresent a certain aspect of the Second Poppy War (though he never explains the reason for this), while Rin takes note of how even her levelheaded history master uses dehumanizing language to talk about the Speerlies—language choices the novel suggests have helped the Nikara justify oppressing them. Rin also learns that her history classes all covered up the fact that throughout Nikara history, drugs have been used as a means of control: The Red Emperor purposefully got the Speerlies addicted to opium after annexing the island as a way to subdue and control the Speerlies. This resulted in numerous stories of unhinged, addicted Speerlies—with no acknowledgment or context to explain how and why they got that way.
In a broader sense, R. F. Kuan has pulled elements directly from the historical record of the Second Sino-Japanese War to write parts of The Poppy War. For instance, the atrocities Rin encounters in Golyn Niis are taken directly from accounts of the Rape of Nanjing, when Japanese forces brutally abused, mutilated, and murdered the city’s Chinese residents. With this, the novel seeks to give readers who likely aren’t as knowledgeable about Sino-Japanese relations the exact same thing Rin gets as she learns how the Speerlies became addicted to opium: a new, more nuanced way of understanding the world and what has happened in it. Only by learning about what happened in the past, the novel suggests, can Rin (and readers) have any hope of not repeating history’s mistakes.
History ThemeTracker
History Quotes in The Poppy War
“But once he [trusts you]? You start plying him with opium—just a little bit at first, though I doubt he’s never smoked before. Then you give him more and more every day. Do it at night right after he’s finished with you, so he always associates it with pleasure and power.
“Give him more and more until he is fully dependent on it, and on you. Let it destroy his body and mind. You’ll be more or less married to a breathing corpse, yes, but you will have his riches, his estates, and his power.”
Rin had always wondered whether the loss of Speer was purely an accident. If any other province had been destroyed the way Speer had, the Nikara Empire wouldn’t have stopped with a peace treaty. They would have fought until the Federation of Mugen was in pieces.
But the Speerlies weren’t really Nikara at all. Tall and brown-skinned, they were an island people who had always been ethnically separate from the Nikara mainlanders. They spoke their own language, wrote in their own script, and practiced their own religion. They had joined the Imperial Militia only at the Red Emperor’s sword point.
This all pointed to strained relations between the Nikara and the Speerlies all the way up through the Second Poppy War. So, Rin thought, if any Nikara territory had to be sacrificed, Speer was the obvious choice.
Irjah looked deeply uncomfortable. “You must understand that this is a very awkward part of Nikan’s history,” he said. “The way that the Speerlies were treated was...regrettable. They were used and exploited by the Empire for centuries. Their warriors were regarded as little more than vicious dogs. Savages. Until Altan came to study at Sinegard, I don’t believe anyone really thought the Speerlies were capable of sophisticated thought. Nikan does not like to speak of Speer, and for good reason.”
“And so modern martial arts were developed: a system based on human biomechanics rather than the movements of animals. The enormous variety of techniques, some of which were only marginally useful to a soldier, were distilled into an essential core of forms that could be taught to a soldier in five years rather than fifty. This is the basis of what you are taught at Sinegard. This is the common core that is taught to the Imperial Militia. This is what your classmates are learning.” He grinned. “I am showing you how to beat it.”
She never wanted to think about Tikany. She wanted to pretend that she’d never lived there—no, that it had never existed. Because if she could just erase her past, then she could write herself into whoever she wanted to be in the present. Student. Scholar. Soldier. Anything except who she used to be.
Training with Altan was like training with an older brother. It was so bizarre for someone to tell her that they were the same—that his joints hyperextended like hers did, so she should turn out her foot in such a way. To have similarities with someone else, similarities that lay deep, in their genes, was an overwhelmingly wonderful sensation.
With Altan she felt as if she belonged—not just to the same division or army, but to something deeper and older. She felt situated within an ancient web of lineage. She had a place. She was not a nameless war orphan; she was a Speerly.
“I think Tearza was wise. And I think that she was a bad ruler. Shamans should know when to resist the power of the gods. That is wisdom. But rulers should do everything in their power to save their country. That is responsibility. If you hold the fate of the country in your hands, if you have accepted your obligation to your people, then your life ceases to be your own. Once you accept the title of ruler, your choices are made for you. In those days, to rule Speer meant serving the Phoenix. Speer used to be a proud race. A free people. when Tearza killed herself, the Speerlies became little more than the Emperor’s mad dogs. Tearza has the blood of Speer on her hands. Tearza deserved what she got.”
Warfare was about absolutes. Us or them. Victory or defeat. There was no middle way. There was no mercy. No surrender.
This was the same logic, Rin realized, that had justified the destruction of Speer. To the Federation, to wipe out an entire race overnight was not an atrocity at all. Only a necessity.
Rin forced the last parts of what was human out of her soul and gave way to her hatred. Hating was so easy. It filled a hole inside her. It let her feel something again. It felt so good.
“Total victory,” she said. “It’s what you want, isn’t it?”
“What I want?” The Phoenix sounded amused. “The gods do not want anything. The gods merely exist. We cannot help what we are; we are pure essence, pure element. You humans inflict everything on yourselves, and then blame us afterward. Every calamity has been man-made. We do not force you to do anything. We have only ever helped.”
“This is my destiny,” Rin said with conviction. “I’m the last Speerly. I have to do this. It is written.”
“Nothing is written,” said the Phoenix.