A psychiatrist and medical anthropologist who developed eight questions designed to aid people working in the context of cross-cultural medicine. The questions focus on gaining an understanding of what patients believe is ailing them (or their children). Fadiman fills these questions out with the answers she thinks that Foua and Nao Kao would have provided and shows the results to Arthur, who enthusiastically offers retrospective advice about how Lia’s medical situation could have been more effectively handled.