The Hmong leader of the Armée Clandestine, which the CIA armed and trained to fight communist forces during the Vietnam War. Vang Pao was a fierce military leader who actively recruited Hmong soldiers. Like many other Hmongs, he too eventually sought refuge in America when communist forces took control of Laos in 1975. Fadiman frequently references him in The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down, since he was an influential Hmong figure (if controversial, because of his violent life and quick allegiances with non-Hmong nations like the United States).