The Testaments

The Testaments

by

Margaret Atwood

Marthas are a class of female house-servants in Gilead who serve powerful families but are not allowed to marry or have their own children.
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Marthas Term Timeline in The Testaments

The timeline below shows where the term Marthas appears in The Testaments. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 3
Gender Roles Theme Icon
Truth, Knowledge, and Power Theme Icon
...wife for the mother, a Commander for the father, and a “big kitchen for the Marthas.” The father doll sits in his study, which has books with blank pages that Tabitha... (full context)
Chapter 4
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...is always in her room “resting” now. Agnes sits in the kitchen with their three Marthas—her family has three because her father is very important—Rosa, Vera, and Zilla. Zilla is the... (full context)
Gender Roles Theme Icon
Shame, Fear, and Repression Theme Icon
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...wealthy man for her. Making bread does not suit Agnes’s social class and her future Marthas would look down on her for it. Zilla adds that people cannot do everything that... (full context)
Chapter 5
Shame, Fear, and Repression Theme Icon
Shunammite’s family only has one Martha, as opposed to Agnes’s three. Even so, Shunammite is belligerent and headstrong, and sometimes bullies... (full context)
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Truth, Knowledge, and Power Theme Icon
Shame, Fear, and Repression Theme Icon
When Agnes gets home from school, she angrily confronts her Marthas and demands to know which one of them lied to Shunammite. Zilla apologizes and tells... (full context)
Chapter 17
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...feels childishly bitter that the new baby has drawn all attention away from herself—even the Marthas’ attention. (full context)
Religious Totalitarianism and Hypocrisy Theme Icon
Shame, Fear, and Repression Theme Icon
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...Agnes goes to the dentist, Dr. Grove (Becka’s father), for her yearly check-up. Although a Martha would normally go with her, Paula insists they are all too busy and sends Agnes... (full context)
Chapter 18
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...news. Ofkyle is situated in the master bedroom so that the midwife Aunts and the Marthas can all be present to help, but unmarried girls like Agnes are forbidden from seeing... (full context)
Chapter 25: Transcript of Witness Testimony 369A
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Paula orders the Marthas to start packing all of Agnes’s childhood toys in her room away into cardboard boxes,... (full context)
Chapter 36
Religious Totalitarianism and Hypocrisy Theme Icon
Gender Roles Theme Icon
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...willing; some families have had to resort to injecting the bride with tranquilizers. Even the Marthas try to convince Agnes that marriage is a good thing and that suicide is a... (full context)
Chapter 38
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Truth, Knowledge, and Power Theme Icon
...they are going to Ardua Hall. Agnes has only heard of Ardua Hall from the Marthas, who regard it as a bad place where the Aunts “get their hands dirty,” which... (full context)
Chapter 48
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...month with the Aunts, gloating about her new marriage to Commander Judd and how many Marthas she now has. Agnes realizes that Shunammite now outranks Paula, which must infuriate Paula. Shunammite... (full context)