LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Threepenny Opera, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Greed, Selfishness, and Corruption
Love and Sex
The Ravages of Capitalism
Theater, Archetypes, and Artifice
Summary
Analysis
At a brothel in Wapping, a group of prostitutes in their shifts sit around busying themselves with ironing, preening, and card games. One of Macheath’s thugs, Hook-finger Jacob, is there; he laments that he doesn’t think Macheath will ever come to the establishment again. Just then, Macheath bursts through the door, asking for his regular coffee. Jacob, startled, asks why Macheath isn’t hiding out in Highgate—Macheath insists that he can’t let “trifles” disturb his routine. He hangs his coat on the door and tosses his charge-sheet to the ground. Ginny Jenny picks it up and begins reading all the charges against Macheath and his gang. Alarmed, she asks for his hand so that she can read his palm.
Just as Mrs. Peachum and Ginny Jenny predicted, Macheath ignores the danger he’s in and retreats to a brothel where he’s a well-known customer rather than hiding out in the countryside. It’s clear that he visits this place often—and that his vows of love and fidelity to Polly have all been a farce.
Active
Themes
The other prostitutes gather around and ask Jenny what she sees. She declares that she sees darkness and “a little bit of love,” plus a line which indicates that Macheath will be betrayed by a woman whose name begins with J. Macheath suggests the woman’s name begins with P. Jenny warns Macheath that when the coronation bells begin ringing, things will turn ugly for him. As Macheath laughs off the palm reading and begins flirting with another girl, Jenny slips out of the room.
Macheath is clearly so devoted to Jenny that he’s even more willing to believe that Polly would betray him than to believe that Jenny would, which shows where his true allegiances lie.
Active
Themes
When Macheath finishes flirting, he notices Jenny’s absence and asks where she’s gone. He begins reminiscing about his past relationship with Jenny by singing a song called “The Ballad of the Fancy Man”—sometimes translated as “The Ballad of the Pimp” or “The Ballad of Immoral Earnings.” As Macheath sings, Jenny slips out to the street and beckons Mrs. Peachum and a policeman, Constable Smith, from the shadows. Macheath tells the whores of how he and Jenny lived together many years ago—Jenny turned tricks to support them, while Macheath arranged clients for her. Macheath seems to remember the arrangement as fun and idyllic.
In this duet, Macheath and Jenny will sing about their past relationship. It’s clear that they both remember it very differently—while Macheath remembers the arrangement as being fun, romantic, and mutually beneficial, Jenny will have an opposing memory; one that helps explain why she doesn’t feel guilty about turning Macheath over to the authorities.
Active
Themes
Jenny begins singing—her recollection of things is very different. She recalls Macheath beating her when she didn’t earn enough and selling her possessions for extra cash. Still, Jenny concludes that “life was all honey from the honeycomb” then. The two of them then begin singing together, recalling a time when Jenny got pregnant—the two of them reversed their regular sexual position in order to keep from “crushing” the fetus, but Jenny lost the baby anyway. Soon after, they parted ways. Still, the two of them conclude that their makeshift bordello was their “home from home.”
Jenny has a very dark recollection of her time with Macheath, and yet still seems to have some wistfulness for what they shared. Brecht perhaps uses the transactional nature of their relationship to show how capitalism ravages everything, even love—Macheath and Jenny were so desperate to make ends meet that their relationship was ruined by Macheath’s greed and violence.
Lost in song, Macheath barely notices when Constable Smith enters the brothel and taps him on the shoulder. As Smith attempts to cuff Macheath, Macheath pushes the Constable back and jumps out the window—only to find Mrs. Peachum and more policemen waiting outside. Macheath tacitly congratulates Mrs. Peachum for cornering him, then allows the police to lead him off. Jacob, who has been otherwise engaged, emerges from the brothel, realizes what has happened, and runs off to fetch the rest of the gang.
Even when caught, Macheath is calm and cool as ever—he perhaps doesn’t believe he’ll face any real consequences, given how charmed his experience as a thief and criminal has been so far. Macheath knows the system is broken—and is counting on its brokenness to let him off scott-free once again.