Under the Feet of Jesus

by

Helena María Viramontes

Under the Feet of Jesus: Chapter Five Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
When the car pulls up beside the bungalow, the headlights sweep across the few possessions they’d left outside that morning. Everyone sits still for a minute in the creaking station wagon. Eventually, Petra walks into the bungalow with difficulty and stamps on some lurking insects. Perfecto and Estrella follow, carrying the sleeping children.
Despite all the effort and stress of the day, the family is basically back where it started. Again, the car represents the stasis of their life and their inability to improve their circumstances, no matter how hard they try.
Themes
The Value of Labor Theme Icon
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Perfecto closes the car doors and watches as Petra drags a stick in the dirt around the bungalow, recreating the protective circle against scorpions. He feels that he needs to think, and doesn’t want to talk to her. He wishes he had a cigarette. He’s almost sure that the nurse has called the police, who are probably searching for them in the labor camps right now.
It seems that the events of the day have strengthened Perfecto’s isolation from the family. His panicked observation that he “needs to think” mirrors Estrella’s earlier comment, but his alienation contrasts starkly with her strong identification with her family.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Coming of Age Theme Icon
He can’t decide whether his remaining money – $4.07 – is enough for him to “bail out.” He wonders “what has happened to his instincts”; he should be running to save himself right now, just as he would pull out an arrow if it was shot into his belly. When Perfecto puts his head in his hands, Petra wonders if he’s crying. He has a hunch that she will tell about her pregnancy tonight. He’s too old to start another family, especially with a woman so much younger.
It’s understandable that Perfecto has anxieties about Petra’s pregnancy; after all, she’s dreading it as well. However, on a fundamental level he disowns responsibility for the child, while Petra mutely accepts whatever additional burdens it will cause. Their society exempts men from caring for their children while expecting women to singlehandedly bear responsibility for them.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Perfecto tells himself to think clearly. The nurse wasn’t really hurt at all, and anyway if she called the authorities they would probably have been arrested by now. Maybe, he thinks hopefully, she just reapplied her lipstick and picked up her sons like nothing had happened. Perhaps she’s drinking decaffeinated coffee right now and breezily telling her husband what happened at work today. This is the way Perfecto believes that “people who had couches and living rooms and television sets” behave.
Perfecto uses imagery of consumer goods – the home furnishings he will never have – to articulate the ease of the nurse’s existence and the huge distance between his life and hers. In this moment her possessions represent not only her material wealth but her ability to harm him by leveraging her social position against the family.
Themes
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
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Perfecto is desperate to load his tools and some peaches into the car. He can’t tell if it’s “love or simply” fear that’s keeping him from doing so. It’s silly to wait until the barn is pulled down; if he leaves now, with a few dollars and some gasoline in the car, “he would have a second chance.” He’s glad that he gave up smoking years ago; he’s so nervous that if he had the chance right now, he would have spent the last of his money on cigarettes.
Perfecto’s comparison of love and fear suggests that love can be a limiting force – as Estrella’s love for the children causes her to sacrifice herself to provide for them. However, the older man’s focus on getting a “second chance” more closely aligns him with Estrella’s father, who behaved “as if his life belonged only to him.”
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Inside the bungalow, the children are quickly returning to sleep. Petra wonders how long it will be until the authorities wake them up. Maybe they’ll even come with dogs. She wonders why she didn’t stop Estrella at the clinic but concludes that no force can restrain her daughter or hold “back the will of her body.” If Petra could’ve controlled her, she wouldn’t have let her become involved with Alejo in the first place. She goes outside and inspects the circle Estrella once made, finding numerous breakages and retracing the line. She remembers how her mother kicked her out of the house when she became pregnant with Estrella.
Petra both takes pride in and deplores Estrella’s strength and determination; it seems to her that in their harsh circumstances, even her daughter’s best qualities can and will be used against her. By committing a crime, Estrella has made herself vulnerable just as her mother did by becoming pregnant as a teenager, yet they both find themselves in these positions due to the social pressures around them.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Petra sees Perfecto standing with his back to her. He once told her to trust him, but now she only trusts “Jesucristo.” She returns inside and decides to make an offering in front of her icon. She feels Jesucristo’s eyes watching her as she kneels and lights several candles around the statue’s base. Smoke rises and one of the children sneezes. Petra straightens the doily underneath the statue, which her grandmother once crocheted. The old woman had spent days and nights crocheting, while people lived and died around her. Petra wishes she knew how to crochet and keep her prayers from becoming “soot above her.”
The icon is one of the only possessions that goes everywhere with Petra. In a way, her reliance on the icon and the religion it represents replaces reliance on the consumer goods that normally furnish a home. It’s also one of her few ways of maintaining a connection to her larger family, with whom she’s no longer in contact.
Themes
The Value of Labor Theme Icon
Motherhood Theme Icon
Beneath the doily is a manila envelope, which Petra now opens, full of documents. There are five birth certificates with a footprint on each of them, making her children “legal” and enabling them to go to school or join the military. There are five baptism certificates and her own identification card, which allays her fear that she will die and “no one would know who she was.” There are Holy Communion certificates for some of the children and an award for an essay Estrella once wrote. Last of all is her marriage certificate, from a ceremony that took place when she was four months pregnant. She got married after a long and complicated bus ride to the courthouse. No one had been able to talk her out of the idea.
Now it’s clear what Petra meant when she told Estrella that her documents are “under the feet of Jesus.” This arrangement represents both her faith in religion and her persistent belief, despite all evidence to the contrary, that if she follows the rules, society will treat her children fairly. At the same time, the phrase “under the feet of Jesus” seems to refer to the ground on which Jesus stands. Estrella and her siblings belong in America not just because they have the documents to prove it, but because they have a meaningful connection to the land.
Themes
The Value of Labor Theme Icon
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
Petra carefully refolds the documents and places them under the statue. She can’t stand up unaided, so she leans on the crate that supports the icon, and Jesucristo trembles and suddenly tumbles to the floor, where his head breaks off. From the other side of the curtain Estrella asks what’s wrong, and Petra tells her to go to sleep. Petra replaces the body on the crate and cradles the head, which is surprisingly light.
The icon’s tumble represents Petra’s loss of faith in all the things it represents to her – religion, the state, the possibility of a stable life. Even though she uses the icon to show her children that they belong in America, she can’t guarantee that others will treat them this way.
Themes
The Value of Labor Theme Icon
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Quotes
Petra walks to the porch and looks out at Perfecto, who is still leaning on the car. She’s intensely cognizant of the “lima bean in her stomach” and wishes she could crochet the long night away. Suddenly, it seems possible that scorpions have already invaded the bungalow; the stick she used for protection now looks “slight and feeble.” All she has to protect her children are “papers and sticks and broken faith and Perfecto,” and none of these things seem very effective right now. She hopes that Perfecto can fix the statue.
Petra’s new fears about the scorpions represent the crisis of faith that has accompanied the fall of the Jesucristo statue. All the things in which she once believed are now reduced to their unimposing physical manifestations – “papers and sticks” – and devoid of the spiritual significance with which she had invested them. In a way, Petra comes of age through this loss of faith just as Estrella grows up through a realization of her own limited power.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Hoping for some fresh air, Estrella forces the bungalow window open. She remembers how Alejo begged her to stay with him in the hospital waiting room. He was so frightened, and she was unable to comfort him; meanwhile, the car was burning precious gasoline while the family waited for her. At the time she reassured him briskly that the doctors would take care of him, but now she has to acknowledge that she might never see him alive again.
At the hospital, Estrella has to choose between her bond to Alejo and her obligations to her family. Moreover, she has to realize that no matter whom she chooses to support, there’s very little she can do to concretely improve the lives of those around her.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Estrella takes off her muddy dress. She feels filthy and exhausted, “as if her body had been beaten into a pulp of ligaments and cartilage.” Suddenly, she hears something shatter on the other side of the curtain; she asks her mother if she needs help but is only ordered to bed. Estrella picks up the lantern and goes out to the porch, where Petra hugs her so tightly that it feels like she’s “trying to hide her back in her body.”
Petra keeps the broken icon to herself; it’s a moment of distance from her daughter. However, her tight embrace is an attempt to overcome that distance and to halt the coming-of-age process that naturally draws Estrella away from her.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Disregarding Petra’s warnings, Estrella walks toward the barn with the lantern, soon breaking into a run. She can hear dogs and coyotes in the distance. Inside the barn is dark and soothing, although the owls above startle her. As her eyes adjust to the gloom, she sees the heavy chain that leads to a loft and the trapdoor to the roof. Estrella takes off her shoes and socks and ties up her hair. Then she grabs the chain and starts shimmying her way up.
Estrella is only able to feel totally at ease with herself within the barn. While this is a soothing moment, it’s qualified by the knowledge that the barn will soon be demolished. Likewise, it now seems inevitable that Estrella’s strength and identity will be eroded by the ongoing crises in her life.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
As Estrella moves up the chain with difficulty, splinters and dust rain down from above. Her biceps and legs are straining with the effort, and she knows she can’t look down. Finally, soaked with sweat, she reaches the loft, which is covered in bird droppings. Looking for the trapdoor, she walks across the loft and accidentally kicks a glass bottle to the floor. She looks down to see it shatter, realizing how far she’s climbed.
Estrella’s ability to shimmy up the heavy chain emphasizes her strength – both physical and emotional. However, the sudden crash of the glass bottle to the ground represents the fragility of everything around her.
Themes
Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Coming of Age Theme Icon
When Estrella first pushes the trapdoor, it refuses to move. She feels for a bolt or lock, but there’s nothing holding the door closed. She has to shove it with her entire body in order to overcome its resistance and emerge onto the roof. Reaching the open air, Estrella is stunned by the “violently sharp” stars. Birds are flying around, and she’s surprised that they never crash into each other. It seems logical that “the angels had picked a place like this to exist.”
As in other moments in the novel, the stunning beauty of the environment contrasts starkly with the desperate circumstances of all the characters. Although Estrella seems to take comfort in the thought that “angels” live here, her comment is qualified by the loss of faith that her mother has just experienced.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
Estrella carefully steadies herself on the slanted roof. Shingles crumble beneath her feet “like the serpent under the feet of Jesus” and she feels she can trust her feet and her body to keep her safe. At the edge of the roof, she stops and feels the wind brushing against her face. Birds start to land near her, and she remains “immobile as an angel.” She has to believe that her heart is “powerful enough to summon home all those who strayed.”
Comparing herself to Jesus, Estrella invests herself with divine agency, but given the recent crash of the Jesucristo icon, it’s not clear if this agency really means much. Moreover, by acknowledging that she can do nothing but hope “those who strayed” will return, she acknowledges the limitations of her power. The novel ends by affirming Estrella’s personal strength and also suggesting the futility of pitting that strength against a hostile outside world.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
Quotes