Hope Leslie: Irony 7 key examples

Mr. Fletcher and Martha have just had a conversation about how he never stopped loving Alice. He likes his life with Martha, but she is in many ways not the wife he feels he was destined to have. The Fletchers are now going to be tasked with raising Alice's children. This may seem poetic and fitting to him, but it is also ironic. When he moved to America, he thought he was surrendering a family with Alice. Instead he has inherited the children she had with another man. This inheritance comes without the title of Sir William Fletcher and without his uncle's fortune. By choosing his beliefs over his love for Alice, Mr. Fletcher has ended up responsible for both of the families he might have chosen, and also none of the social status and wealth betraying his beliefs might have earned him.

Mr. Fletcher is not bitter about the situation, as readers might expect him to be. Instead, he develops an extraordinarily close and protective relationship with the older child, also named Alice. He renames her "Hope" because she reminds him so much of her mother that she represents the hope of another chance at being close to the woman he once loved. The situational irony of Mr. Fletcher's penniless "inheritance" of Hope allows the novel to suggest that the greatest inheritance of all is the "hope" of a family free from internal religious and political conflict.

Magawisca clearly knows more than what she is saying. Her "trembling hand" and her agitated body language in the preceding passage indicate that she is emotional about what she knows and what she is concealing. She claims that she is saying as much as she can say "without bringing down on me the curse of my father's race." Magawisca has a sense of loyalty and duty toward her father, Mononotto. But she also has a sense of loyalty and duty toward the Fletchers. As she tells Mrs. Fletcher, she feels well cared for by their family. She wants to warn them that they are in "danger" from an "enemy," but she can't give away details of her father's plan. Nelema, likewise, seems to have been distressed to think that the Fletchers were in danger. She left the snake skin, the rattle, and the arrow to signal as much without fully betraying her people.

Dramatic irony drives the suspense of the plot here. Mrs. Fletcher is in the dark about what the danger will look like, and although the omens make her nervous, she is hesitant to take them as a threat she needs to deal with immediately. The reader knows that the plot demands the omens to be meaningful, so Mrs. Fletcher's failure to take them even more seriously feeds the suspense. The desperate dance both Magawisca and Nelema must do to protect the Fletchers while remaining loyal to their people is emblematic of something Sedgwick wants to convey: women and children are caught here in a conflict among men. Mrs. Fletcher, too, is caught in a trap that is meant to send a message to her husband; even though she does not fully understand the conflict, it ends up killing her anyway.

Mononotto is shocked and horrified at the realization that he has cut his daughter's arm off instead of Everell's head. Magawisca has expressed clearly that she is opposed to Everell's execution. She bonded with the Fletcher family while she was living with them. Mr. Fletcher was not even there most of the time, and Magawisca does not see Mrs. Fletcher or the children as responsible for the violence against her people because they did not participate in the Mystic massacre directly. If Mononotto had simply yielded to Magawisca's earlier pleas not to carry out revenge on a boy who was not himself responsible for the Mystic massacre, she would never have felt that she needed to intervene. Because Mononotto takes such a strong and merciless stance against the colonists, he ends up hurting his own family more than he would have if he had let Everell go.

It is important to note that Mononotto has previously been known to the colonists as a reasonable and just leader, in contrast to the more violent Sassacus. This juxtaposition of a good-natured, compliant American Indian against a violent American Indian has historically been used to argue in favor of colonialist policies and practices, and against Indigenous people's actions to protect their sovereignty. In this case, the juxtaposition also helps the novel make the point that frontier violence turns people vengeful, violent, and rigid in their sense of justice. This moment proves that such rigidity can backfire by perpetuating more senseless violence.

Sedgwick's point is perhaps a good argument against colonial violence, but Magawisca, Mononotto, and the other American Indians represented in this scene are clearly reflections of Sedgwick's own imagination as a white woman rather than representations of real people. Sedgwick sets up a strong contrast not only between Mononotto's formerly just leadership and Sassacus's violent leadership, but also between Magawisca's mercy and the merciless onlookers Sedgwick describes as "savages." As much as Sedgwick wants to advocate for fair treatment of American Indian people, she nonetheless buys into the racist juxtaposition of "good," deserving American Indian people and "bad," undeserving American Indian people. Magawisca's "goodness" here is reflected in her belief that Everell, Mrs. Fletcher, and the other white children did not participate directly in colonial violence. Sedgwick puts this idea in Magawisca's mouth. In reality, readers should note that Magawisca herself has been held captive by the Fletchers and made to work for them, so it seems unlikely that she would entirely excuse Mrs. Fletcher and the children, especially Everell, who is the eldest.

Jennet accused Nelema of witchcraft after she used her knowledge of natural remedies to save Cradock from a snake bite that would otherwise have killed him. Hope uses verbal irony to point out the situational irony: Nelema is being held responsible for "the crime of curing Cradock," which of course should be considered a wholly good deed—the opposite of a crime. Furthermore, Nelema is being held responsible for everything that has gone wrong in the community since the time of the raid that killed many of the Fletchers. This is ironic because Nelema has always been a helpful neighbor, on whom the Fletchers and others have relied for local knowledge and resources.

Hope uses further verbal irony to tell Everell about her remedy for the cruel situation. She writes in her letter that she had a dream Nelema promised that she would one day see Faith alive again. She also writes that she heard Digby was unaccounted for the same night Nelema disappeared from custody. In the following chapter, the narrator reveals that Hope is performing the role of helpless damsel by writing that she dreamed about Nelema and that she has simply heard strange rumors about Digby. Her feigned passivity misdirects anyone who intercepts her letter from understanding what she really means: no passive damsel, she intervened directly in the "justice" proceeding brought against Nelema. She and Digby worked together to release Nelema from prison, and Nelema promised to repay her debt by reuniting Hope with Faith. Hope dislikes the cruel irony of Nelema's sentencing, so she manipulates the situation for a better outcome and claims outwardly to be helpless against political forces.

Hope is in fact acting cheerful to disguise her real feelings: she has realized that she has romantic feelings for Everell, but she has pledged to help Esther win his affection. She does not want Esther or Everell to suspect that she is sad not to be pursuing Everell herself. Hope's forced cheerfulness and avoidance of Everell makes both Everell and Sir Philip alike think that Hope's romantic feelings are directed toward Sir Philip.

When Sir Philip takes the opportunity to propose to Hope, Everell only sees Sir Philip kneeling and reciting verse. Hope is so surprised that she simply freezes instead of outwardly expressing right away that she is "displeased." Everell sees Hope standing "stock still" before the man proposing to her and gets upset because he is harboring his own romantic feelings for Hope, and he assumes the proposal is wanted. Seeing Everell helps Hope clarify to herself that she does not want to marry Sir Philip, but the romance plot is far from resolved because the only people who have confessed their feelings (Sir Philip and Esther) have been rejected by the people they wanted to marry.

Still, the dramatic irony of this scene moves the romance plot forward by creating conflict that the reader knows Hope, Everell, and Esther as well must overcome. Each of them is part of the way to realizing and declaring what they want, and the fact that there has been one failed marriage proposal adds a sense of urgency to the process of getting all the way there before someone ends up married to the wrong person.

Hope genuinely tries to correct Antonio when he first suggests that she is the Virgin Mary, and then runs through a list of other saints she might be. Finally, she decides she has tried hard enough at honesty and instead chooses to use Antonio's mistake to her advantage. She asks Antonio here not to repeat to others that he saw her, unless they are as religious as him. The reason she gives him is that others are not as faithful, will not believe him, and don't deserve to hear of the miracle. This reason is designed to make Antonio feel special for being an extremely devout Catholic: he is one of the privileged few who is allowed to see a saint in the flesh. Through flattery, Hope achieves another, hidden objective. She doesn't want anyone to know where or how she escaped, so she needs Antonio to keep quiet. If Antonio believes that his vision of "Petronilla" needs to be jealously guarded from doubters, Hope will be able to remain inconspicuous.

Hope's quick-witted nature stands out against Antonio's foolishness. This portrayal of a Catholic man is not especially flattering. Antonio is so wholly devout that he loses his senses and won't believe Hope when she tells him that she is not a holy apparition. Hope, meanwhile, displays good character by trying to correct him but ultimately thinks on her feet about how to use the situation she is in to her advantage. Dramatic irony provides a sense of comic relief, and it also lets the reader see that Hope is principled without being too rigid to adapt to the situation. 

Hope has not really dropped a glove. She makes this story up so that she can take the lamp from Barnaby and position it such that Magawisca remains in shadow. Barnaby is supposed to inspect whoever is leaving the jail to make sure no one is doing exactly what Hope is doing: sneaking someone out in a disguise. Hope goes on to distract Barnaby by asking him to talk about his grandchild. Meanwhile, Magawisca remains entirely silent and goes along with Hope's improvisation. Hope explains away Magawisca's silence by suggesting that Cradock is having "one of his silent fits."

The way Hope and Magawisca manage to keep Barnaby from realizing what is going on contributes to the reader's sense that they are the cleverest characters in the novel. Hope especially conforms to the stereotype of a clever white woman who is able to use her air of innocence to manipulate people into doing what she wants. She talks Cradock into wearing his cloak in unseasonable weather, and before he knows it he is in the jail and swapping places with Magawisca. She also cries on command in front of Barnaby to convince him to let her and Cradock into Magawisca's cell in the first place.

The novel represents Hope's cleverness favorably. However, there is a darker side to the kind of femininity she is performing here. Hope's interests mostly align with Magwisca's, but she could just as easily have used her skills to convince a court to execute Magawisca if she had something to gain from that outcome. As it is, Hope wants to save Magawisca not just out of the goodness of her heart, but also because she is a link to Faith. Sedgwick is interested in empowering young white women reading her novel to, like Hope, influence politics by influencing men's emotions and opinions. It is important to recognize that historically, white women have often exerted this influence to their own benefit and at the expense of more marginalized people.