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Chapter 31
Themes
and Colors
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Moby-Dick, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Limits of Knowledge
Fate and Free Will
Nature and Man
Race, Fellowship, and Enslavement
Madness
Religion
Summary
Analysis
Ishmael attempts to lay out for the reader a systematic overview of the kinds of whales, and the divisions into which whales might be separated. Ishmael notes that, though a great many writers from Biblical times onward have mentioned whales or leviathans in their texts, very few have a scientific understanding of whales, and even fewer know much about the sperm whale, the “king of the seas” and the whale being hunted by the Pequod. On the topic of whether a whale is a fish, Ishmael cites a good deal of scholarship debating the issue, but concludes that whales ought to be defined as “spouting, horizontal-tailed fishes with lungs and warm blood.”
A famous chapter in the novel, one often referenced when critics speak of its “contemporary” or “postmodern” nature. Here, Ishmael attempts to help himself and the reader to understand whales through scientific means of observation and classification. And yet while this effort is elucidating it also highlights, purposely, that scientific knowledge can't explain all, or provide all understanding. Whales remain mysteries despite what is scientifically known about them, and thus they serve as a metaphor for nature and the world, for the spirit that men sense but can't define.
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Ishmael divides the whales as though they are books. Book 1, chapter 1 is the sperm whale, the “spermaceti,” the most majestic and most valuable (for its oil). Book 1, Chapter 2 is the right whale, which is also hunted like the sperm whale, but which produces an “inferior oil.” Book 1, Chapter 3 is the fin-back whale, a “solitary” whale apparently marked, like Cain in the Bible, and separated from its fellow whales, swimming mostly alone. Ishmael also identifies the humpback, the razor-back, and the sulphur-bottom whales, although he states that he knows little about them, other than the basic features of their appearance, and their lack of oil-value.
The right whale serves as an interesting foil to the sperm whale, which, like Ahab, Ishmael considers to be the most noble on the seas, something akin to whale royalty. The right whale, on the other hand, is less noble, because it does not hunt for its food, but rather skims the water for small organisms. The right whale is also not as “majestic” when it swims, and its head and body cannot be used for the harvesting of the most useful of whale products—sperm oil.
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Book 2 consists of the smaller whales—the grampus, the black-fish, and the narwhal. Many scholars debate whether or not these specimens are actual whales, and Ishmael states that the narwhal is notable for its tusk, whose purpose is debated among scientists. Ishmael wonders if the narwhal isn’t singled out for its resemblance to the unicorn, which seems to inspire in men a kind of romantic sentiment. Ishmael rounds out Book 2 by discussing the killer whale briefly, stating that these whales tend not be hunted by Nantucketers.
The final book, Book 3, consists of what Ishmael calls porpoises. Ishmael notably has a harder time differentiating among the porpoises, and among other kinds of “pseudo-whales.” Ishmael then closes this chapter by saying that cetology, as a science (the study of whales) has much to be added to it, and that that branch of science, much like this narrative Ishmael is writing, is “but a draft—nay, but the draft of a draft.”
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