Previous
Summary
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Stamped from the Beginning, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Discrimination, Racist Ideas, and Ignorance
Segregationists and Assimilationists vs. Antiracists
Media, Institutions, and the Transmission of Knowledge
The Invention of Blackness and Whiteness
The Illogic of Racism
Summary
Analysis
Ibram X. Kendi reflects on the historical moment in which he is writing Stamped from the Beginning—a moment in which both the murders of unarmed Black people and the #BlackLivesMatter resistance movement have gained particular prominence. At the time Kendi is writing, young Black men are 21 times more likely to be killed by the police than young white men. African Americans make up 13% of the U.S. population, but 40% of those are in prison and own only a 2.7% share of national wealth. In 2016, the U.S. is 240 years old and still gripped by racial conflict.
Kendi opens the book by making it starkly clear that racism is still very much alive in the U.S. Even though the book’s focus is on racist ideas, the evidence he cites is not opinion. Rather, it is the material conditions of Black people—the economic, social, physical, and infrastructural facts of Black people’s lived reality.
Themes
Throughout American history, there have been three main camps of thought about these racial disparities between Black and white people. Segregationists argue that the disparities are due to Black people’s supposed inferiority to white people. Antiracists argue that the problem is racial discrimination, not Black people themselves. And lastly, assimilationists take a middle position, arguing that it is both the fault of discrimination and Black people themselves that inequalities exist. The existence of these three types of thinking means that anti-racist arguments face not one but two opponents.
The idea that racist thinking is split into two camps—segregationist and assimilationist—is the most important idea in “Stamped from the Beginning.” As this passage suggests, assimilationists are much more common than segregationists, especially in today’s America. However, this does not mean that assimilationist thinking is less dangerous.
Themes
Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi senator who went on to become president of the Confederacy, used the phrase “stamped from the beginning” in a speech he gave on April 12, 1860. In the speech, he praised white supremacy, arguing that in America, “the inequality of white and black races […] [was] stamped from the beginning.” This is a segregationist statement, which means it is more obviously recognizable as racist than an assimilationist statement would be. However, it is important to be aware of the fact that—although they have frequently been used in the fight for racial justice—assimilationist arguments are still racist, because they also characterize Blackness as a “stamp” of inferiority (albeit one that can be washed away).
While segregationist and assimilationist ways of thinking can appear very different on the outside, Kendi seeks to show that there is a fundamental similarity between these two positions. Although assimilationist arguments are often used in service of antiracism, they are actually racist, because like segregationist claims, they posit that there is something inferior about Blackness.
Themes
Assimilationists believe that Black people should try to become more like white people and that this will solve the problem of racial inequality. The history of racist ideas is complex and unpredictable, yet the ideas themselves appear to many people as simple “common sense.” The conflict between racist and antiracist thought is far from a comfortingly straightforward divide between good and evil. This is partly because it is a “three-sided battle” with racist ideas split into two separate categories.
Throughout the book, Kendi reminds the reader that seemingly simple ideas are often actually complex and vice versa. Antiracist thought might seem complicated because it challenges many of the norms and principles that people internalize from an early age. Yet antiracist thought is grounded in a very simple idea: that Black people and white people are equal and that there is nothing inferior about Blackness. Similarly, racist thought poses as “common sense” but is often sly and deceptive.
Themes
Get the entire Stamped from the Beginning LitChart as a printable PDF.
People rarely admit to being racist; instead, both segregationist and assimilationist ideas are disguised as being morally good, while for much of American history racist acts and policies have been legal. This has created confusion regarding what is a racist idea and what isn’t. To Kendi, an idea is racist if it implies that there is something wrong with a particular racial group—or, in other words, that this group is inferior in some way. Like all races, Black people are an extremely diverse group of people consisting of different ethnicities, nationalities, classes, and many other variances.
Here, Kendi highlights that although almost no one admits to being racist, almost everyone is racist, at least in the sense that they harbor racist ideas.
Themes
Moreover, Black people’s experience of racism is differentiated according to factors such as class, gender, and sexuality, a phenomenon the scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw terms “intersectionality.” Existing histories of racist ideas tend to neglect the way in which intersectionality shapes racism. Stamped from the Beginning examines the “entire history” of racist ideas from their origins in early modern Europe. The book revolves around five main figures, who serve as “tour guides” through the history of thinking about race. The first is colonial preacher and writer Cotton Mather (1663-1728), the son of two powerful New England Puritan families. Mather preached about Black inferiority in order to excuse slavery as a practice of “saving” Africans by converting them to Christianity.
Some might assume that racist ideas are simple, in the sense that they are based in a basic premise of white superiority and Black inferiority. However, As Kendi shows through tracing the intellectual history of racist ideas, racism has changed significantly over time. As the example of Cotton Mather shows, at times racism has had a distinctly religious bent. Yet it is of course also possible for there to be racism in a totally secular context.
Themes
The second figure is President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), a slaveholder who managed to be both “antislavery” and “anti-abolitionist.” Third is William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879), who spread assimilationist ideas about Black inferiority via his work as an abolitionist. Garrison argued that slavery had made Black people savage and brutal, which is a racist sentiment. The next figure is W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963), an influential Black scholar whose views shifted from assimilationist to anti-racist over the course of his lifetime. Lastly is Angela Davis, a Black scholar who rose to prominence during the Black Power movement and has dedicated her life to fighting both racist myths and the myth that racism has ended.
The five main figures Kendi examines in the book—as with most people in general—hold a number of different and even contradictory ideas about race. For instance, an abolitionist like William Lloyd Garrison might dedicate his life to alleviating Black suffering while still harboring racist ideas about how Black people have been corrupted by slavery. It is important to examine the entirety of a person’s worldview and not discount all these complexities and contradictions.
Themes
Kendi selected these five figures because they “were arguably the most consistently prominent or provocative racial theorists of their respective lifetimes.” Stamped from the Beginning contests simple ideas of racial progress or racism suddenly becoming covert. While there certainly has been progress, racist ideas have also evolved, adapting to the new conditions created by anti-racist struggle. This makes sense when one realizes that racist ideas aren’t produced by ignorance and hate but instead usually develop in support of racist policies. They justify and excuse racist policies by blaming Black people themselves for the unjust and unequal conditions they face. The true causal relationship is that discrimination leads to the development of racist ideas, which then generate “ignorance and hate.”
This passage contains one of the most important ideas in the whole book. Kendi argues that racist ideas are produced by racist policies, which means that in order to eliminate racist ideas, eliminating racist policies should be the first priority. Moreover, it is also significant that Kendi does not consider racist ideas to be a form of ignorance. While racist ideas are always false and can stem from a misunderstanding about how the world works, they do not constitute a lack of knowledge, but a form of incorrect knowledge.
Themes
Throughout American history, intelligent, educated, and powerful people have actively spread racist ideas for their own benefit. It can often seem strange that racism was not met with more resistance in the past, but part of the explanation for this is the power of racist ideas. In this sense, racist ideas are highly effective—including on Black people themselves. Kendi may be a professor of Africana studies, but he has still absorbed racist thinking. Shedding racist ideology means realizing that while individual Black people might have negative traits, there is nothing wrong with Black people “as a group.”
Readers might have heard it said that Black people cannot be racist and feel confused over Kendi’s argument about Black people harboring racist thoughts themselves. Some might claim that there is a distinction between being a racist and internalizing racist ideas. Kendi implies that while Black people can internalize racist ideas, they cannot be racists like white people can.
Themes
Through his research, Kendi was able to eliminate much racist thinking from his own mind, although he doesn’t believe that this switch in thinking is possible for those who are the main producers of racist ideas. He does, however, hope that the book will “liberat[e]” other people’s minds.
In this passage, Kendi makes clear who the book is for. He does not seek to persuade those who are deeply entrenched in racist thought; instead, he wants to help those who already want to move toward antiracism.
Themes
