The Coquette: Irony 3 key examples

In this passage, Eliza says that her strong moral compass will prevent her from being affected by other people's approval or disapproval. This is an example of verbal irony, because what Eliza says does not at all reflect her mental state. Contrary to her assertions to Lucy, Eliza is driven by a desire to be appreciated and esteemed by others, especially men. Sanford, who instantly perceives this character trait in her and remarks on it in his own correspondence, showers her with praise in order to seduce her; his behavior renders Eliza vulnerable to him in ways that friends like Lucy, who care less about appearing beautiful or charming, are not. Moreover, Eliza inwardly agrees with Sanford's dire predictions about marriage to Boyer; she's reluctant to accept the pastor's proposals precisely because she fears life with him would be boring and constrained. 

This passage is also an example of situational irony, because Eliza's assertion is at odds with the social circumstances in which she lives. Whether or not she personally values the "praise or censure" of others, Eliza cannot afford to be truly indifferent to other people's opinions. In a society in which women's fates are dependent on the kind of man they marry, and securing a respectable marriage depends on cultivating a spotless reputation, women like Eliza and Lucy must be acutely attuned to what other people think of them. In fact, Eliza meets a tragic fate precisely because she prioritizes the opinion of unserious suitors like Sanford over her moral reputation, thus dooming her prospects of making an advantageous marriage. 

Representing a perverse and hypocritical change in Boyer's feelings, this passage is an example of situational irony. In fact, Boyer was initially drawn to Eliza precisely because of her charm and the polished appearance to which she devotes so much time: in his first letter to Mr. Selby, he praises her "elegant person" and "polished manners." The discrepancy between those two letters shows that Boyer doesn't really care about the time Eliza spends on her appearance; rather, he's angry that she won't make herself available to him and obviously prefers to marry Sanford. Once Boyer realizes that he's not Eliza's first choice, he resorts to shaming her for not appearing to prioritize "prudence" and "economy," two virtues that women in their society are expected to uphold at all times. This moment in the novel illuminates the double bind faced by women like Eliza, who must attract men through beauty and social graces while appearing to care only about modesty and propriety.

Because the reader understands, as Lucy does not, that Eliza's story actually is the substance of a novel, this passage serves as an instance of dramatic irony. Even though Lucy means this comment as an off-hand joke, the ironic moment provides some authorial commentary, highlighting how Foster adheres to and departs from the literary conventions of her era. As Lucy points out, Eliza's story of poor decisions, jilted lovers, and emotional highs and lows does recall the content of many 18th-century novels, especially epistolary sagas like Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, which Mrs. Richman later references. Targeted at women readers, many romance novels would have told a love story while reinforcing conventional social mores like chastity and humility; at least on the surface, The Coquette does the same. 

However, Foster actually uses the building blocks of her era's conservative literature to write a novel that criticizes patriarchal norms and women's second-class status in their society. By rendering Eliza a simultaneously sympathetic and flawed character, and showing how the villainous behavior of Sanford leads to her downfall, Foster complicates conventional narratives that sought to enforce repressive social norms about women's behavior. In this passage, Foster both contextualizes her work within the broader literary ecosystem and differentiates herself from other contemporary writers.