The Gardener: Dramatic Irony 1 key example

This passage contains both a literary allusion and a historical allusion. When Michael states that he "has found out all about [his] sort in English Hist’ry," he initially leaves it up to Helen's (and the reader's) imagination to come up with examples of illegitimate heirs in English history. The one historical example he chooses to name is William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England.  Alternatively known as "William the Bastard," he was the illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy. William's illegitimate status played a role in the early years of his rule. Eventually, however, he consolidated his power and influence enough to make this detail recede to the background of his identity. Michael brings him up to challenge the shame associated with illegitimacy. As he learns more and more about the world, he seeks comfort in discovering that some of English history's most notable figures shared his circumstances.

He also mentions "the Shakespeare bits," which once again leaves it up to the reader to come up with specific examples. The Shakespeare bit that would probably first occur to most readers is the character Edmund from King Lear, who is the illegitimate son of the Earl of Gloucester. There are many other illegitimate sons in Shakespeare's work. A reason why Michael neglects to name any of them directly might be that they often function as villains in the plays.

These allusions indicate that, as he grows older, Michael seeks new ways of understanding his background. When he was six, he expressed his confusion, discomfort, and shame over being different through anger targeted at Helen. Now, at age ten, he still chooses to confront Helen, but relies on literature and history to cope with these emotions. Michael's language in this passage offers a contemporary reader an idea of how controversial it was to have children out of wedlock at the turn of the century. A word he leaves out, but which he clearly speaks around, is "bastard." Instead of saying this word outright, he says "my sort," "they," and "that." In a world with no tolerance for illegitimacy, even the act of naming his status out loud feels impossible for Michael.

To both Helen and the reader, who know more than Michael does, the question at the end of the quote stirs up many emotions. Largely for the sake of Helen's wellbeing, Michael expresses throughout the passage that he is coming to terms with his murky parentage. Most of all, he wants to make sure that it doesn't have any bearing on how she sees him. This demonstrates that Michael still believes that he is the son of Helen's brother rather than of Helen herself. In his eyes, the shame of extramarital sex lies with his supposed father George and himself, rather than with Helen. Operating from differing sets of information about Michael's parentage, Michael and Helen both grapple with the burden of his illegitimate status.