The Paper Menagerie

by

Ken Liu

Jack, the protagonist of “The Paper Menagerie,” is the biracial son of a white American father and a Chinese immigrant mother. When Jack is a child, he has a close relationship with his mother. She makes him paper animals and breathes life into them, giving them a magic ability to move and play with him. Yet, after Jack overhears the racist gossip of two female neighbors and suffers racist bullying from his neighbor Mark, he turns against his mother. He boxes up the magic paper animals she has made for him and demands that she speak only English. Because Jack won’t respond to his mother when she speaks Chinese and criticizes her English, they become estranged. By the time Jack is a high school student, they aren’t speaking. When Jack is in college, his mother is hospitalized with cancer. He flies home to visit her, but even in the hospital, he is thinking about his job prospects, not his dying mother. When she asks him, if she dies, to take out his paper animals and remember her on Qingming, the Chinese Festival for the Dead, he avoids promising to do so. Yet after Jack’s mother’s death, Jack’s girlfriend Susan finds and saves the paper animals. Two years later, on Qingming, the paper tiger that Jack’s mother made for him comes to life and reveals to Jack a secret letter from his mother, written in Chinese. Jack finds a Chinese tourist to translate the letter for him. It contains the story of his mother’s life and asks Jack why he’s stopped speaking to her. After hearing the letter, Jack asks the tourist to help him write the Chinese character for ai, which means love, on the letter. Then he refolds the letter into a tiger and carries it home with him. These two final gestures show that Jack regrets his estrangement from his mother and his childhood rejection of his Chinese heritage.

Jack Quotes in The Paper Menagerie

The The Paper Menagerie quotes below are all either spoken by Jack or refer to Jack. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
).
The Paper Menagerie Quotes

A little paper tiger stood on the table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background with red candy canes and green Christmas trees.

[…]

Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 178
Explanation and Analysis:

The neighbors conversed in the living room, not trying to be particularly quiet.

“He seems like a normal enough man. Why did he do that?”

“Something about the mixing never seems right. The child looks unfinished. Slanty eyes, white face. A little monster.”

“Do you think he can speak English?”

The women hushed.

Related Characters: Two Female Neighbors (speaker), Jack, Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Page Number: 181
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark, one of the neighborhood boys, came over with his Star Wars action figures. Obi-Wan Kenobi’s lightsaber lit up and he could swing his arms and say, in a tinny voice, “Use the Force!” I didn’t think the figure looked much like the real Obi-Wan at all.

Together, we watched him repeat this performance five times on the coffee table. “Can he do anything else?” I asked.

Mark was annoyed by my question. “Look at all the details,” he said.

I looked at the details. I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to say.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 181-182
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

“English,” I said. “Speak English.”

She tried. “What happen?”

I pushed the chopsticks and the bowl before me away: stir-fried green peppers with five-spice beef. “We should eat American food.”

Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese sometimes.”

“We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other families don’t have moms who don’t belong.

He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. “I’ll get you a cookbook.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack’s Father (speaker), Mark, Two Female Neighbors
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.

I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoe box and put it under the bed.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father, Mark
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 184
Explanation and Analysis:

“If I don’t make it, don’t be too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with you always.”

Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good news about the past year of her life in America. She would read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment about something, she would write it down in the letter too. Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane and release it, facing west. We would then watch as the crane flapped its crisp wings on its long journal west, toward the Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 186
Explanation and Analysis:

Susan found the shoe box in the attic. The paper menagerie, hidden in the uninsulated darkness of the attic for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping paper patterns had faded.

“I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your mom was an amazing artist.”

The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions were once alive. The memory of children could not be trusted.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Susan (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 188
Explanation and Analysis:

You know what the Chinese think is the saddest feeling in the world? It’s for a child to finally grow the desire to take care of his parents, only to realize that they were long gone.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could not bear to look into her face.

Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my pen strokes with her words.

The young woman reached out and put a hand on my shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with my mother.

Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he purred, we began the walk home.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:
Get the entire The Paper Menagerie LitChart as a printable PDF.
The Paper Menagerie PDF

Jack Quotes in The Paper Menagerie

The The Paper Menagerie quotes below are all either spoken by Jack or refer to Jack. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Racism and Identity Theme Icon
).
The Paper Menagerie Quotes

A little paper tiger stood on the table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background with red candy canes and green Christmas trees.

[…]

Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 178
Explanation and Analysis:

The neighbors conversed in the living room, not trying to be particularly quiet.

“He seems like a normal enough man. Why did he do that?”

“Something about the mixing never seems right. The child looks unfinished. Slanty eyes, white face. A little monster.”

“Do you think he can speak English?”

The women hushed.

Related Characters: Two Female Neighbors (speaker), Jack, Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Page Number: 181
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark, one of the neighborhood boys, came over with his Star Wars action figures. Obi-Wan Kenobi’s lightsaber lit up and he could swing his arms and say, in a tinny voice, “Use the Force!” I didn’t think the figure looked much like the real Obi-Wan at all.

Together, we watched him repeat this performance five times on the coffee table. “Can he do anything else?” I asked.

Mark was annoyed by my question. “Look at all the details,” he said.

I looked at the details. I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to say.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 181-182
Explanation and Analysis:

Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me. “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Mark (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

“English,” I said. “Speak English.”

She tried. “What happen?”

I pushed the chopsticks and the bowl before me away: stir-fried green peppers with five-spice beef. “We should eat American food.”

Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese sometimes.”

“We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other families don’t have moms who don’t belong.

He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. “I’ll get you a cookbook.”

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack’s Father (speaker), Mark, Two Female Neighbors
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.

I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoe box and put it under the bed.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father, Mark
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 184
Explanation and Analysis:

“If I don’t make it, don’t be too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with you always.”

Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good news about the past year of her life in America. She would read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment about something, she would write it down in the letter too. Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane and release it, facing west. We would then watch as the crane flapped its crisp wings on its long journal west, toward the Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother (speaker)
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 186
Explanation and Analysis:

Susan found the shoe box in the attic. The paper menagerie, hidden in the uninsulated darkness of the attic for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping paper patterns had faded.

“I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your mom was an amazing artist.”

The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions were once alive. The memory of children could not be trusted.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Susan (speaker), Jack’s Mother, Jack’s Father
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they understood.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 188
Explanation and Analysis:

You know what the Chinese think is the saddest feeling in the world? It’s for a child to finally grow the desire to take care of his parents, only to realize that they were long gone.

Related Characters: Jack’s Mother (speaker), Jack
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis:

The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could not bear to look into her face.

Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my pen strokes with her words.

The young woman reached out and put a hand on my shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with my mother.

Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he purred, we began the walk home.

Related Characters: Jack (speaker), Jack’s Mother
Related Symbols: Paper Animals
Page Number: 192
Explanation and Analysis: