A condition in which excess spinal fluid builds up in a person's brain cavities, creating internal pressure and potentially causing headaches, cognition problems, physical impairments, and other severe health issues. Robert Ross’s older sister…
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Mustard gas
A toxic gas used as a chemical warfare agent in World War I. It caused severe chemical burns and painful blisters on the skin and inside the lungs, as well as eye damage. In the…
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The Allied Powers
The coalition of countries who fought in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I. The Allied Powers included Canada, Britain, and France, among many other nations.
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Trench warfare
A style of combat in which troops are stationed in trenches dug into the ground as a means of protection from gunfire and artillery. Trench warfare in World War I was grueling and traumatic for…
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Huns
A derogatory epithet for the German forces in World War I that was coined by British propaganda. The term is a reference to Attila the Hun, a leader who ruthlessly invaded the ancient Roman Empire…
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Shelters dug into the sides of trenches in World War I to protect soldiers from shellfire. Dugouts often contained simple furniture such as tables and bunkbeds where men could eat and rest.
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No Man’s Land
A military term used to describe unoccupied land that has been devastated by battle or poses uncertain threats. There were various reasons why an area might be deemed “No Man’s Land” during World War I—it…
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Convalescence hospital
Homes and other private buildings that were converted into auxiliary hospitals for soldiers in World War I, due to the military's underestimation of the war's casualties. At these makeshift hospitals, soldiers would either heal from…
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Shell shock
A term first coined during World War I that referred to the slew of painful mental symptoms that many soldiers grappled with. Common symptoms include intrusive flashbacks, dissociation, and nightmares. It can also lead to…
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