Alliteration is part of what makes the language of "The Lesson" sound playful and, at times, almost cartoonish. This showy, musical alliteration is starkly at odds with the horror being described, and it thus adds to the poem's satirical tone.
Alliteration also helps bring the poem to life on the page. For example, the sharp /k/ sounds of "Chaos," "OK," and "classroom" in line 1 create lots of poetic noise to evoke the noisy classroom (note that the "K" of "OK" is a stressed syllable, and thus can be counted as an example of alliteration!).
Later, the harsh /g/ sounds of "garrotted," "girl," and "grotty" evoke the speaker's anger and aggression. Combined with the /r/ consonance ("garrotted," "girl," "grotty"), it sounds almost as if the teacher is growling in his frenzy.
The poem continues with this pattern, matching sound to weapon in line 13: "Then sword in hand he hacked his way." Thanks to all that breathy /h/ alliteration, it's not hard to hear a sword swishing through the air! Next, the fricative /f/ sounds of "First come, first severed [...] fingers, feet or toes" make these lines seem even more darkly comic and absurd; the teacher sounds like the bad guy in a cartoon. And in the sixth stanza, when the teacher has moved on to using a shotgun, the plosive /b/ alliteration of "blast" and "backrow" evoke the explosive boom of that gun.
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