Sigmund Freud, born in 1856, was a doctor, psychiatrist, and the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud produced a number of hugely important and influential theories about the human mind and behavior. Among the most important was the notion that humans repress sexual desires in their subconscious, which in turn causes them to act in neurotic, sometimes destructive ways. Later in life, Freud shifted his attention from clinical psychoanalysis to the ways that his theories could be applied to anthropology, art, and literature, and he is one of the most important figures in the history of literary criticism. While many of Freud’s scientific theories have since been discredited, his ideas remain enduringly authoritative within literary analysis. As Foster demonstrates, the centrality of discussions of sexual symbolism within literary scholarship can in large part be blamed on Freud.