Williams immediately noticed the injustices of life in the Congo. He criticized Stanley’s use of torture and intimidation, and attacked Leopold himself for supporting a slave state in the Congo. Williams was clearly a bold, courageous man, who didn’t respect authorities like Leopold simply because they were monarchs. Williams took a bold step by going out of his chain of command and sending a letter directly to the American secretary of state. Even more strikingly, Williams attacked Leopold for “crimes against humanity”—suggesting that Williams, unlike many of the major humanitarians of the era, believed in a set of universal human rights.