On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous

by

Ocean Vuong

On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous: Part 2 Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
“Memory is a choice. You said that once to me,” Little Dog says to Rose, “with your back to me, the way a god would say it.” If Rose would turn around, Little Dog says, she would see her son lying under a tree with a boy, both their faces smeared with blood. The taller boy, not Rose’s son, is bleeding, and they are clapping and singing. It is November, and the wind is turning colder. The cut over the tall boy’s eye opens again and bleeds, and Rose’s son tries to forget. If Rose were god, she would tell them not to clap. “You would tell them that the most useful thing one can do with empty hands is hold on,” Little Dog writes to Rose. “But you are not a god.” 
While it is not explicitly stated, Little Dog implies here that he is gay (he lays with a boy, and both their faces are bloody, as if they have been in close contact), and he further suggests Rose would probably know this if she turned around and really paid attention to him. Why the taller boy is bleeding is never revealed, but it is implied that there was some sort of accident, which the boys are laughing off when they should be holding on instead.
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Rose will never meet the boy under the tree with Little Dog. Sometimes at night, Little Dog says, it feels as if a bullet is stuck deep inside him. It seems like the bullet has always been there, like it was the bullet, not Little Dog, which Rose carried in her womb. Little Dog asks the boy, Trevor, to tell him a secret—any secret, as long as it is “normal.” Trevor agrees and begins talking. “Ma,” Little Dog says. “You once told me that memory is a choice. But if you were a god, you’d know it’s a flood.”
Little Dog’s reference to memory as “a flood” suggests memory is something uncontrollable that simply washes over without warning or reprieve. Little Dog’s desire for Trevor to tell him a “normal” secret implies that they have many secrets that aren’t considered “normal” by society’s standards, which again hints at Little Dog’s sexuality and the discrimination he faces as a member of the queer community.
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As Rose’s son, Little Dog knows about both work and loss. Rose’s hands are “hideous,” dry and wrecked after years of working as a manicurist. The nail salon is more than just a place of beauty; it is a place where children are raised, like Little Dog’s cousin, who grew up with asthma from the chemicals and fumes. The nail salon is also a kitchen, where the smell of cooking noodles lingers with bleach and industrial cleaner. Manicurists spend hours at their desks, and when they don’t have clients, they pour over English workbooks from ESL classes that take 25% of their wages. Little Dog both hates and loves Rose’s mangled hands “for what they can never be.”
Rose’s “hideous” hands are proof of what she “can never be”—a white American. Asian immigrants often work as manicurists in American salons, and it has created an entire culture of new Americans. The nail salon is also proof of how hard Rose and other immigrants must work—their children included, who must practically live in salons and forfeit their health—to be Americans, which comes so easily to their white customers.
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It is a Sunday, and Little Dog is 10 years old. It is Rose’s job to open the nail salon on the weekends, and, as usual, Little Dog goes with her. He flips the sign to “Open,” and a client, an older woman about 70 years old, limps into the salon. She asks for a pedicure, and Rose motions her to the pedicure chair and begins to fill the jetted tub with warm water and different solutions. When the tub is filled, Rose motions for the woman to put her feet in, but the woman hesitates. Then, the woman reaches down and, rolling up her pant leg, removes her leg from below the knee. It is a prosthesis, Little Dog realizes, as she places her other leg and foot into the water.
Many of Little Dog’s memories are told in the present tense, as this memory is here, which reflects Little Dog’s description of memory as a “flood” that washes over him uncontrollably. For Little Dog, his memories are frequent and vivid, and it is as if they are happening in real time. This flood not only allows Little Dog to tell his story, it also underscores the power of memory in the novel, which, Vuong argues, cannot be ignored. 
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Just as Rose finishes massaging the client’s calf, the woman motions to the other side, to her missing leg. “Would you mind,” she says. “I can still feel it down there. It’s silly, but I can.” Rose says nothing and begins massaging the woman’s missing leg. Little Dog watches as the “muscle memory” of Rose’s arms work the woman’s imaginary leg, her movements outlining what isn’t there. Rose dries the woman’s foot, and when she goes to leave, she hands Rose a hundred dollar bill. “The lord keep you,” the woman says. Rose takes the money and puts it in her bra.
The interaction between Rose and the client reveals Rose as a gentle and caring woman, but it also serves as a metaphor for the power of memory. Rose’s “muscle memory” after years of pedicures goes through the motions even in the absence of the woman’s leg, and the woman’s phantom leg sensation implies that memories, especially important ones, are never really forgotten. 
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Quotes
Later that night, Rose lays on the living room floor, and Little Dog massages her back. He takes a quarter, dips it in Vicks VapoRub, and pulls it firmly down Rose’s sore muscles. Little Dog thinks of Barthes again. “A writer is someone who play with the body of his mother,” Barthes says, “in order to glorify it, to embellish it.” Little Dog looks to Rose’s spine and thinks it resembles “a row of ellipses no silence translates.” He wishes Barthes was right, but to Little Dog, writing about Rose is to “mar” her. “I change, embellish, and preserve you all at once,” Little Dog says.
Here, Little Dog quotes Roland Barthes’s Mourning Diary, an examination of and tribute to his mother after her death. Little Dog’s repeated references to Barthes reflects the importance of language and writing in the novel, as does the comparison of Rose’s spine to an “ellipses”; however, Little Dog’s claim that his attempts to write about Rose is to “mar” her again implies that the power of language is limited.
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The summer Little Dog is 14, he gets his first job working at a tobacco farm outside of Hartford. He knows that Rose won’t let him ride his bike all the way there, so he lies and tells her that he is working at the church gardens in town. The pay is nine dollars an hour, and since he is too young to legally work, he is paid in cash. It is 2003. Bush has declared war on Iraq, and the Black Eyed Peas are on the radio. Tiger Woods has just become the PGA Player of the Year for the fifth year in a row, and Steve Jobs is still alive. Rose’s nightmares are getting worse, and Little Dog often finds her sitting naked at the kitchen table in the middle of the night talking about “a secret bunker.”
Again, Rose is very clearly suffering from posttraumatic stress and likely other mental illnesses. She is delusional, and her reference to “a secret bunker” suggests Rose still thinks she is in Vietnam, even though she has been in Hartford for over 10 years. Little Dog is clearly affected by Rose’s trauma and illness. As he looks back on 2003, over 15 years ago, Little Dog remembers war, popular culture, and Rose’s mental illness.
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Little Dog gets up at 6:00 a.m. six days a week and rides his bike to the tobacco farm. Most of the workers there are illegal immigrants from Mexico, and nearly everyone speaks Spanish. The men sleep in camping trailers hidden from the road, just beyond the tree line, and when the work is over, they move to the next farm. The barn is empty now, but by September, it will be full of tobacco. Mr. Buford pulls up in his green Bronco and gives the workers a ride to the fields. When Little Dog jumps out of the Bronco, he sees a group of men working about 100 yards ahead. They are the “cut team,” and it is their job to cut the tobacco down. Little Dog is part of the “spear crew,” and he must pick up what the first crew cuts down.
Little Dog’s job on the tobacco farm reflects the discrimination faced by immigrants—legal or not—in American society. Jobs that are available to immigrants often involve hard work (like a farmhand or manicurist) and offer little pay. The farmhands sleep in camping trailers hidden away, making them easier to ignore, and they go long periods of time without seeing their families. As many immigrants in America are also people of color, this treatment is closely connected to the racism that plagues society. 
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The first day on the job, Little Dog turns down a pair of gloves when they are offered to him, and his hands turn brown and sticky with sap and are full of splinters and cuts. The work is hard and tedious, but Little Dog enjoys it, and the men are pleasant. Little Dog doesn’t speak Spanish, and they don’t speak English, but Little Dog learns to speak to the other farm workers “with smiles, hand gestures, even silences, [and] hesitations.”
Little Dog’s gestures reflect Roland Barthes’s work in semiotics, which explores the use of gestures and signs as a form of communication. Here, there is a language barrier between Little Dog and the men, which Little Dog bridges with gestures and symbols, and this again underscores the inherent limitations of language. 
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Sorry,” Little Dog says, is the most common English word said at the nail salon. “I’m sorry. I’m sorry,” the manicurists say. “I’m so, so sorry.” They say “sorry” even when they haven’t done anything wrong. The word is a “tool,” Little Dog says, and if repeated enough, it “becomes currency.” To say “sorry” in the nail salon isn’t to apologize; it is to remind clients that they are “right, superior, and charitable.” In the nail salon, “sorry” is a completely different word, just as “Lo siento” (I’m sorry in Spanish) is in the tobacco field. 
Little Dog implies that “I’m sorry” is the only English phrase many of the Asian manicurists speak. “I’m sorry” puts the customer, who is often white, in a position of authority over the Asian manicurists, further reflecting the racism and discrimination present in American society. This also reflects Barthes’s theory of structural linguistics—the word “sorry” cannot be understood in this context without understanding the unique social structure of the nail salon.
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Quotes
At the Connecticut tobacco farm, “Lo siento” is the most commonly spoken Spanish word. The workers say “Lo siento” to Buford when they run into him in the field, and they say it to each other at the start of the day instead of “Good morning.” When Little Dog is forced to miss work because Lan has a schizophrenic attack and tries to burn her clothes in the oven, Little Dog calls Mr. Buford and says “Lo siento.” Little Dog thinks of the men he works with. One has almost saved enough money to buy his mother a house in Guadalajara, and one is trying to send his daughter to dental school in Mexico City. Another is paying for his sick mother’s surgery. For these men, “Lo siento” keeps them working. 
Just like “I’m sorry” in the nail salon, “Lo siento” places Buford, a white landowner, in a position of authority over his migrant workers, most of who are people of color. “Lo siento” again reflects Barthes’s view of structuralism, as the phrase cannot be understood without knowledge of the unique social structure in which it exists. Lan’s schizophrenic attack again illustrates the lasting effects of war and trauma. Lan’s schizophrenia was made worse during the war, and she is still affected years later. 
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At the end of the work day, as Little Dog watches the farmhands return to their trailers, he wants to say, “Lo siento.” Little Dog is sorry they never see their families, and he is sorry that some of them will never make it back to Mexico or South America. Little Dog wants to say “I’m sorry,” but instead he says nothing. For Little Dog, the word “sorry” has become “something else.” This is why, when Trevor first introduces himself in the tobacco field, Little Dog says, “Sorry.”
Again, the word “sorry” reflects Roland Barthes’s theory of structuralism. Little Dog’s “Lo siento” means something else entirely than the way the farmhands use the same phrase, and this meaning can only be understood by grasping the social structure from which the word comes, in this case, from Little Dog.
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The day after meeting Trevor for the first time, Little Dog runs into him in the barn. It is a cool day, and the air smells of cut tobacco. Little Dog stands by his bike, and Trevor drinks a sports drink. Trevor is “boyish” looking, but there is something pained in his expression, and his lips are sealed around the bottle in a “flushed, feminine pout.” The day before, Trevor had watched Little Dog work in the field. Usually, no one ever notices Little Dog. “I who was taught, by you, [Rose],” Little Dog says, “to be invisible in order to be safe.” In grade school, Little Dog was once sent to time-out for 15 minutes, where he sat forgotten for two hours.
Trevor is described later in the book as the epitome of masculinity, but here Little Dog describes him nearly feminine terms. His face is “boyish,” and his lips are rosy and womanly. As an immigrant and a person of color, Rose has always taught Little Dog not to draw attention to himself, and he is thus easily ignored. Trevor notices him anyway, which implies Trevor is drawn to Little Dog for a specific reason and is likely attracted to him in a romantic or sexual way.
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Little Dog and Trevor spend hours talking in the barn, until the late summer sun begins to set. Trevor tells Little Dog that the tobacco they are harvesting is headed to Africa and East Asia, where people still smoke. Trevor claims the crops are poor and have few seasons left before they stop growing all together. Trevor is silent, and after a moment, he tells Little Dog that he hates his father. Little Dog is quiet and then says he hates his father, too.
Trevor and his father clearly do not have a good relationship, and since Trevor draws attention to this out of the blue, this suggests that Trevor is deeply bothered by his poor relationship with his father and feels close enough to Little Dog to share his feelings with him.
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“The boy,” Little Dog says, is six years old and is wearing Superman underwear. “You know this story,” Little Dog says to Rose. The boy is crying, but his cries are beginning to die down. His mother has locked him in the basement for wetting the bed again, even though he begged her not to. Now, he stands in the basement, a Superman near his crotch stained brown and urine wet between his toes. The boy closes his eyes and stops crying.
Little Dog is “the boy,” which is how Rose knows the story he is telling. Little Dog does not admit to being “the boy,” and this implies that he is deeply affected by Rose’s abuse. Little Dog’s Superman underwear again symbolize society’s expectations of masculinity. Even as a small child, Little Dog is expected to be a “real” boy, which is to be big and strong and not wet his pants. When Little Dog fails to be Superman, Rose abuses him.  
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Sitting on top of a tool shed with Trevor, Little Dog feels the cool breeze and watches the late summer sun go down. They are done working for the day, but Little Dog is too tired to start the bike ride home. They sit talking, and Trevor talks about guns and dropping out of school. He thinks the Colt factory might be hiring again, since it has been months since the last mass shooting. Trevor talks about his father and his drinking, about video games, and cartoons, and Little Dog talks about Rose and her nightmares.
Trevor is described here in terms of stereotypical masculinity. He talks about guns, which connotes violence, and his desire to drop out of school makes him appear tough and macho. Trevor refers to current events and talks about his likes and dislikes—typical get-to-know-you conversation—but Little Dog talks about Rose and her trauma, which speaks to the effect Rose’s trauma has on Little Dog’s life, too.
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“Cleopatra,” Trevor says after a moment of silence. Little Dog is confused. Cleopatra, Trevor says, watched the same sunset. Everyone who has ever lived, has lived under the same sun, Trevor explains, so Cleopatra watched the same sunset. Trevor says he sometimes wishes he could just run away forever, and Little Dog says it must suck to be the sun. The sun can’t see itself, Little Dog explains, and it doesn’t know if it is round or square, ugly or beautiful. “Like you can only see what you do to the earth, the colors and stuff, but not who you are,” Little Dog says. Trevor says he thinks it would suck to be the sun because it is on fire, and he is going to put it out, Trevor says, exposing his penis and urinating off the shed.
Trevor and Little Dog’s interaction here is full of sexual tension, which seems to culminate when Trevor exposes his penis. The boys are clearly opening up to each other and talking about their deepest thoughts and desires. Trevor is telling Little Dog, albeit in a veiled way, that he is deeply unhappy in life and wants to hide, and Little Dog admits to Trevor that he isn’t sure who he is and doesn’t believe he is beautiful. Little Dog sees himself as society sees him—as a queer person of color—and he isn’t able to see that is what also makes him beautiful.
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The boy’s mother comes home after working late at the clock factory. Usually, the boy picks up his toys before his mother gets home; however, today he has lost track of times playing with his toy soldiers, and the little men are scattered all over the floor. When she opens the door, he knows what is coming, and upon seeing the toys, she backhands him several times. The boy’s grandmother runs in and shields him from his mother’s blows. She eventually stops and walks away.
Again, this is obviously one of Little Dog’s memories of Rose’s abuse, the worst of which Little Dog seems not to want to own and refers to himself only as “the boy.” The toy soldiers, which represent war and death, are symbolic of Rose’s trauma, which Little Dog implies is at the root of Rose’s abusive treatment of him.
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After the day on the roof of the shed, Little Dog and Trevor drive around in Trevor’s truck. As he drives, Trevor cuts a cigarillo lengthwise with a box cutter and empties out the tobacco and tells Little Dog to hand him two plastic bags from the glovebox. Little Dog reaches in and grabs the bags—one filled with marijuana, the other with cocaine—and hands them to Trevor, who fills the cigarillo with marijuana and sprinkles it with cocaine. He licks the cigarillo to seal it and lights it. They pass the cigarillo back and forth until Little Dog feels his head disconnect and float away. They talk for hours in the truck but somehow end up in the barn again.
Trevor’s cocaine-laced marijuana blunt reflects the pervasiveness of drugs in 21st-century American society. Trevor doesn’t just smoke pot, he smokes pot and cocaine, and he doesn’t just smoke a joint, he smokes a blunt, which, by comparison, requires considerably more marijuana. Drugs are readily available and accessible to Trevor and Little Dog, and they casually consume large amounts of them. 
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“Don’t be weird,” Trevor says to Little Dog. Trevor picks up a WWII army helmet and puts it on. Little Dog is struck by the “impossibly American” image of Trevor in the army helmet and thinks that he couldn’t have invented a more perfect symbol. Little Dog stares at Trevor and studies him, intensely and obviously. “Don’t be weird,” Trevor says again, snapping Little Dog out of his near-trance. Little Dog promises he wasn’t staring, and Trevor checks to see if the radio is working. The sound of Patriots football fills the barn.
Trevor’s “impossibly American” image in the WWII helmet paired with the sound of Patriots football only serves to make Little Dog feel more like an outsider because of his Vietnamese identity. Trevor’s plea for Little Dog not to “be weird” is vague, and it is unclear whether Trevor is telling Little Dog not to be Vietnamese or not to be queer.
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Little Dog knows very little about football, but Trevor tries to explain the rules. As the Patriots score the winning touchdown and Trevor celebrates, Little Dog moves closer to him, quietly saying Trevor’s name. Little Dog tastes the salt and sweat on Trevor’s cheek, and Trevor softly moans (or maybe Little Dog imagines this), so he continues, licking the length of Trevor’s body. Little Dog can hear a heavy thud as the army helmet falls from Trevor’s head, and in the background, the crowd goes wild at the Patriots game.
The WWII helmet and the Patriots football game are also powerful symbols of masculinity, as they both connote strength and violence; however, the sound of the helmet hitting the ground after falling from Trevor’s head in a moment of sexual pleasure suggests Trevor is shedding this image of masculinity, even if just for a moment.  
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In a bathroom with green walls, the boy’s grandmother gently rolls a warm boiled egg over the boy’s welted cheek. The boy’s mother has just struck him in the face with a ceramic teapot, and the grandmother swears the egg will heal all his bruises. The boy quietly thanks the grandmother, and she promises he will be fine. She then removes the egg from his face and tells him to eat it. His bruises, she says, are inside the egg now. If he eats the egg, the bruises won’t hurt anymore. 
Again, “the boy” in this memory is Little Dog, and in eating the egg, he metaphorically eats the pain his mother’s abuse has caused him; however, Little Dog suggests that eating the egg did not stop his pain, as it has been several years and he is still affected by the pain of Rose’s abuse.
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Little Dog works on the tobacco farm for two more seasons, but he continues to see Trevor all year long. One October day—October 16, a Thursday, to be exact—Little Dog discovers for the first time that he is beautiful. He remembers the day perfectly (“how can you forget anything about the day you first found yourself beautiful?” Little Dog asks), and even Rose is smiling and happy. After taking a shower, instead of drying off and dressing immediately, Little Dog stands naked in front of a full-length mirror and waits for the steam to clear. Staring at his body, Little Dog is struck with the beauty of his body, and he is unable to pull his eyes away.
Trevor and Little Dog continue seeing each all year long because their relationship is more than just a phase or one of convenience. Little Dog and Trevor go out of their way to see each other, which speaks to their strong feelings. Little Dog is able to see himself as beautiful because he sees himself for the first time through Trevor’s eyes. Little Dog sees himself as Trevor sees him, and, for the first time, he appreciates his worth and beauty. This memory is important to Little Dog, thus he remembers the exact date. 
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Trevor lives with his father in a trailer behind the interstate. In his room, Trevor turns up the stereo. A song by 50 Cent blares from the speakers, and Trevor asks Little Dog if he has heard the new song before. Little Dog has, but he lies and says he hasn’t, giving Trevor a little power and knowledge over him. Trevor walks back and forth, singing along with the lyrics, and Little Dog looks around the room. Movie posters hang from the walls, and the desk is littered with receipts and various garbage, as well as scattered marijuana and fentanyl patches. In Trevor’s bed together, Little Dog can again taste the salt and sweat of Trevor’s body. Trevor, shaking, tells Little Dog to close his eyes—he doesn’t want Little Dog to see him. Little Dog closes his eyes, but he remembers that Trevor is white and he is not. 
Trevor and Little Dog’s interaction mimics traditional gender roles. Trevor is the masculine one, and he sings aggressive rap songs and establishes power over Little Dog. Little Dog’s role in this respect is more reserved and feminine—the opposite of how he is supposed to act according to society. However, Trevor’s request that Little Dog close his eyes while they are intimate suggests Trevor is only comfortable in their relationship if he plays a masculine role and Little Dog plays a submissive, stereotypically feminine role. This passage again reflects the pervasiveness of drugs, which are quite literally all over Trevor’s room.
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It is impossible to tell the story of Trevor, Little Dog tells Rose, without talking about drugs. Little Dog can’t tell the story without the “Oxy and coke,” and he can’t tell the story without talking about the rusted red Chevy truck that Trevor’s grandfather, Buford, gave to his father. Little Dog remembers Trevor speeding along in the Chevy, a fentanyl patch on his arm. They have been smoking pot and snorting coke, and they laugh as Trevor loses control of the truck and smashes it into a large, dead oak.
“Oxy,” or Oxycodone, an opioid painkiller, and “coke,” or cocaine, are obvious references to drugs. Trevor is also wearing a fentanyl patch, another opioid painkiller that transmits medication via a transdermal route and is much stronger than oral opioids. Little Dog and Trevor have access to all these drugs, which, along with Trevor’s car accident, speaks to the dangers of drug abuse.
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The first time Trevor and Little Dog have sex, they don’t really have sex at all. Little Dog tells Rose that he only has the courage to tell her all this because he knows she will probably never read the letter. He remembers a painting of a bowl of peaches hanging on the wall in Trevor’s trailer. It is a cheap picture, something mass-produced and sold at the dollar store, but Little Dog is drawn to it. The painting isn’t really a painting at all, but a computer print made to look like a painting. It is “a fake. A fraud.” Which is why Little Dog loves it. Under the covers, Trevor slips his penis between Little Dog’s legs, and Little Dog spits in his palm, taking Trevor in his hand. They do not talk, and afterward, Trevor lays with his back to Little Dog, crying “skillfully in the dark.”
Little Dog is drawn to the cheap painting because he, too, feels like a “fake” or “fraud” in respect to ideals of masculinity and Americanism. Popular assumptions of masculinity say Little Dog must be strong and macho to be a “real” man, just as popular assumptions dictate that to be American is to also be white. Little Dog is neither masculine nor American in this sense, so he is drawn to the impostor painting. In this moment, Trevor, too, is at odds with traditional notions of masculinity. He hides his tears in the dark because he buys into the idea that men aren’t supposed to cry, and he cries because he fears his sexuality means he isn’t a “real” man. 
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The boy’s first memory of his parents is in their Hartford kitchen. The blood runs from his mother’s nose as red as Sesame Street’s Elmo, and his grandmother runs into the room, scooping him up into her arms. The grandmother runs out the door, screaming in Vietnamese. “He’s killing my girl! God, god! He’s killing her.” The neighbors run out and pull his father from his mother, and soon the ambulance and police arrive. The police officers run in with their guns drawn, and the father, used to living in Vietnam, waves a bloody $20 bill. The officers tackle him, the money falling to the floor, and force him into the back of the police car. When no one is looking, a neighbor girl picks up the bloody money and leaves.
Again, “the boy” in this scenario is Little Dog, and his father is obviously an abusive man, too. That Rose’s blood is described as being the color of Elmo reflects how young and innocent Little Dog is, and the fact that this is his first concrete memory of his parents speaks to how bad his father’s abuse is. This abuse undoubtedly compounds Rose’s trauma and stress, and it is yet another thing that she must live through and survive. This is one of Little Dog’s only memories of his father, which complicates Vuong’s argument of the power of memory and suggests memory can sometimes fail in the presence of trauma. 
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In his backyard, Trevor shoots at old paint cans with a .32 Winchester. “[T]o be an American boy, and then an American boy with a gun,” Little Dog interrupts, “is to move from one end of a cage to another.” Little Dog thinks about a hunting story Buford told him at the farm. In Montana, Buford came across a bull moose caught in a trap. The buck saw Buford and charged at him, ripping his leg off in the trap. It ran at him with three legs, cutting into the bush at the last minute. Buford was lucky, he said. Moose are dangerous, even with three legs. Now, Trevor and Little Dog sit, passing a joint laced with Oxy, on the bench in the backyard. The back of the bench has been blown off from years of shooting and appears much like four legs without a body.
Here, Little Dog implies that traditional notions of American masculinity—a macho man with a gun—are restrictive and confining, and that by embodying such masculine ideals, Trevor is reduced to an animal who paces “from one end of a cage to another.” The bull moose serves as a metaphor for this idea. In this case, Little Dog is the moose, and he would rather rip his leg off and run than adhere to such a narrow understanding of manhood.  
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About a week after Little Dog and Trevor’s first sexual experience, they do it again. This time, Trevor grabs a fistful of Little Dog’s hair and yanks his head back forcefully. Little Dog is instantly excited by the violent action, and he tells Trevor to keep going. Little Dog never thought pain and violence would be part of sex. He wonders what an animal that gives itself up to the hunter is called: “A martyr? A weakling?” No, Little Dog decides, it is simply an animal who has found “agency to stop.” It is like a period at the end of a sentence; it allows one to stop with the intention of continuing. Little Dog has learned, he tells Rose in his letter, that submission can be powerful, too. “Fuck. Me. Up,” he says to Trevor. By now, violence is really all Little Dog knows of love.
Violence is all Little Dog knows of love because he watched his father beat and nearly kill his mother, and Little Dog’s mother frequently abuses him, too. Thus, it seems to Little Dog that violence is a natural part of sex as well. Little Dog isn’t giving up by submitting to Trevor—he has just momentarily stopped resisting. In this moment, Trevor freely chooses to be submissive, and there is power to be found in making that decision.   
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Trevor and Little Dog begin to refer to their modified sex as “fake fucking,” and one day, Trevor asks Little Dog to be on top, like Trevor always is. They snuggle into the bed, and just as Little Dog slips his penis between Trevor’s legs, Trevor stops him. “I can’t. I just—I mean…” Trevor stammers. “I dunno. I don’t wanna feel like a girl. Like a bitch. I can’t man. I’m sorry, it’s not for me—,” Trevor stops. “It’s for you,” he says to Little Dog. “Right?” Little Dog pulls the covers up, and Trevor goes back to playing his video game. Little Dog watches the television screen as a little red Mario falls from a platform. “This was also called dying,” Little Dog writes.
Little Dog is clearly mortified by Trevor’s comment, since he feels like he is dying. Trevor equates being on top during “fake fucking” with a masculine role; therefore, whoever is on bottom fulfills the submissive, or female, role. Trevor can’t bear to play the submissive, female role and must always be masculine, otherwise he isn’t comfortable in their relationship. Trevor says the bottom isn’t for him because he is not a “girl” or a “bitch,” but in saying this he implies that Little Dog is.
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Quotes
As a child, Little Dog once ran away from home, he says. He didn’t know what to do or where to go, so he packed a bag of Cheerios, an extra pair of socks, and two Goosebumps paperbacks and went to the park by the school. There, he climbed a huge maple tree and sat. Suddenly, he heard footsteps on the leaves below, and then he heard Lan’s voice. “Little Dog,” Lan said into the darkness. “Your mom, [Rose]. She not normal okay? She pain. She hurt. But she want you, she need us. […] She love you, Little Dog, But she sick. Sick like me. In the brains.”
This short memory underscores the importance of writing and storytelling in the novel, as Little Dog packs only books along with food and clothing as if the stories will sustain him, but it also lends insight into Rose’s abusive treatment of Little Dog. Lan suggests that in addition to Rose’s PTSD, she is also schizophrenic, and at times her illness can turn violent against Little Dog.
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Little Dog asks Rose if she thinks happiness and sadness can combine to create one feeling. Like “a deep purple feeling,” Little Dog explains, “not good, not bad, but remarkable simply because you didn’t have to live on one side or the other?” It is 7:00 in the evening on Thanksgiving Day, and Little Dog and Trevor are riding their bikes down Main Street. Trevor’s father is back at their trailer eating TV dinners and drinking whiskey. The boys decide they are hungry, so they go to a gas station, where they buy two frozen egg-and-cheese sandwiches. They sit across the street, eating their sandwiches, and listen as a man calls some neighborhood kids in for the night. The day is “a purple day,” Little Dog says. It isn’t good, and it isn’t bad, just something in between.
Little Dog’s special definition of “purple” again reflects Barthes’s theory of structural linguistics. Little Dog’s meaning of “purple” cannot be understood without first understanding Little Dog. The “purple” feeling Little Dog describes here is similar to how he describes race for him and Rose. They aren’t “yellow” and they aren’t white, but somewhere in between, and it is remarkable because they don’t live exclusively on either side. The man calling his kids in for the night, and likely Thanksgiving dinner, reminds Trevor and Little Dog what they are missing—a stable family.
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There aren’t many second chances in life, Little Dog says. He opens his eyes and can hear Chopin, the only music Rose listens to, coming from somewhere in the house. Little Dog gets up and goes to the living room, but the record player is silent. He goes to the kitchen and finds Rose’s small radio—the one she bought from Goodwill and slips in the pocket of her apron—in a puddle of spilled milk. He grabs the radio and goes outside, where he knows she will be. In the backyard, Rose is standing at the chain-link fence, her back to the house. Little Dog approaches her and stands beside her. “I hate you,” he says. “You hear me? You’re a monster.” She returns to the house, and Little Dog chases behind her, crying. “Ma!” he yells. “I didn’t mean it.”
Little Dog’s comment about second chances implies that he would like a second chance to go back to time and relive this interaction. Little Dog doesn’t really hate Rose, and he doesn’t think she is a monster. He suggests that her abuse is simply another symptom of her PTSD and mental illness, that it isn’t really who she is at her core, and Little Dog wants a second chance to go back and tell her this. Little Dog’s letter is that second chance, and it is his way of telling Rose that she isn’t a monster.
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It is a dreary Sunday when Little Dog tells Rose the truth. Despite the overcast day, it is bright inside the Dunkin’ Donuts, where Little Dog and Rose sit drinking coffee. “I don’t like girls,” Little Dog blurts out, purposefully avoiding the Vietnamese word for gay—pê-đê, which comes from the French for pédéraste. Before the French occupied Vietnam, there was no word for queer people, who were seen as normal people like everyone else. Little Dog tells his mother that he will leave, if that is what she wants, and she asks if he plans on wearing dresses now. Queer people are killed for wearing dresses, she reminds him. She tells Little Dog that he doesn’t have to leave, and then she asks him when all of this started. “I gave birth to a healthy, normal boy,” Rose says. “I know that.”
Rose’s comment that she “gave birth to a healthy, normal boy” implies that being queer is neither “healthy” nor “normal,” and that to be a queer man is to be the opposite of masculine and to wear a dress. These assumptions reflect the discrimination faced by the queer community in American society, as does the language used to describe queer men. The Vietnamese word for gay, pê-đê, relies on the French word pédéraste, pederast in English, which makes Little Dog’s sexuality appear criminal and sick by extension.  
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When Little Dog was in the first grade, he sat down to eat his mushy school lunch in the cafeteria next to Gramoz, an Albanian boy whose family came to America after the fall of the Soviet Union. Instead of the slop served in the cafeteria, Gramoz was eating pizza bagels, and he offered one to Little Dog. Little Dog never spoke to him (Little Dog could barely speak English), but he began following Gramoz around after that day. To be near Gramoz was to be near to his small act of kindness, but that ended one day on the playground. “Stop following me, you freak!” Gramoz yelled. “What the heck is wrong with you?”
Little Dog weaves this memory into his story of coming out to his mother because it lends insight into the way Rose’s comments make Little Dog feel. In calling Little Dog a “freak,” Gramoz makes him feel like a freak, and that is exactly how Rose’s comments make Little Dog feel in the Dunkin’ Donuts. Rose implies that to be queer is to be, in a way, a “freak,” and Little Dog’s mind automatically goes back to a time when he was made to feel the exact same way.
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Back at Dunkin’ Donuts, Rose tells Little Dog that she has something to tell him, too. Little Dog had an older brother, she says, but he is dead. The boy had a name, Rose says, but she refuses to speak it, and she felt him growing and moving inside her. But there was nothing to eat, she says, and they were starving. Little Dog wasn’t born until they knew they would live, Rose says.
Here, Rose implies that she was forced to have an abortion because of the war, which further speaks to the trauma she endured in Vietnam. Rose’s trauma isn’t just related to the violence of war, but to the many ways in which the war caused her pain. 
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After Little Dog’s experience with Gramoz and the pizza bagel, Rose bought Little Dog a hot-pink Schwinn. As Little Dog rode the bike around the parking lot of their tenement house, he was stopped by a boy, who knocked Little Dog off the bike. The boy took a keychain and scraped the pink paint from the bike in long colorful sparks. Little Dog wanted to tell him to stop, but he didn’t have the words, so he just sat there. Later that night, Little Dog watched as Rose painted the bike pink again with skillful strokes of nail polish. That was the day, Little Dog says, that he learned how dangerous color can be.
The neighborhood boy knocks Little Dog from the bike because the hot-pink color violates the boy’s assumptions of gender and masculinity. Pink is traditionally viewed as a feminine color, thus the boy knocks Little Dog from the bike and scrapes the paint off. The boy assumes Little Dog is queer because his bike is pink, and it is a beacon for the boy’s discrimination and abuse. Presumably, Rose knows why the boy scraped the paint from the bike, but she paints it pink again anyway, and in doing so resists these gender assumptions, too.
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In the donut shop, Rose tells Little Dog about the pills she was given at the hospital. After a month of the pills, she was supposed to expel the baby on her own, but she could still feel him move and felt immense pain. She went back to the hospital, where nurses injected her with Novocain and “scraped [her] baby out of [her], like seeds from a papaya.” She caught a quick look of the baby, she says, before they threw him in the garbage. Rose is quiet for a minute, and then she tells Little Dog that she first heard Chopin in Vietnam. She was just six or seven years old, and she could hear the man across the street—a pianist trained in Paris—playing his Steinway. 
Again, Rose’s abortion is evidence of the trauma she endured in Vietnam. Taking pills and expelling a fetus large enough to feel move must be a particularly traumatic experience, but the fact that Rose is prescribed the pills implies that it is common practice in Vietnam during the war. Rose’s description of the abortion performed by the nurses is likewise traumatic, but her random memory of Chopin and the concert pianist implies that not everything in Vietnam is violet and ugly.
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A few months before the day in Dunkin’ Donuts, Little Dog interrupts, a 14-year-old Vietnamese boy in a rural village had acid thrown in his face for putting a love letter in another boy’s school locker. Just last summer, Little Dog adds, Omar Mateen, a 28-year-old Florida man, walked into an Orlando gay club and opened fire with an automatic rifle, killing 49 people.
Both of the crimes Little Dog interrupts his letter to talk about reflect the extreme violence and hate faced by the queer community, in both Vietnam and the United States. In short, Little Dog’s sexuality can cost him his life in either country.
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The average placenta weighs about one and a half pounds, Little Dog says, and passes nutrients, waste, and hormones back and forth between mother and fetus. It is like a language—the first language spoken by anyone. Rose interrupts Little Dog’s thoughts. Her baby came to her in dream once, she says. He wanted to see what his mother looked like. “I was a girl,” she says. “Oh god…Oh god, I was seventeen.”
The fact that Rose was just a teenager when she was forced to abort her baby again underscores the trauma she endured in Vietnam during the war. Rose was not emotionally equipped to handle such trauma at such a young age, and it has greatly affected her, so much so the pain is still present many years later. 
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When Little Dog was in college, a professor said during a lecture on Shakespeare’s Othello that gay men are naturally narcissistic, and narcissism is often a sign of homosexuality in those who have not yet admitted their sexuality. This idea angered Little Dog, but the thought stayed with him. He wonders now if he followed Gramoz all those years ago because he was looking for a reflection of himself. Historically speaking, Little Dog says, beauty has “demanded replication.” Poems, paintings, and sculptures are reproduced because they are beautiful. It wasn’t pizza Little Dog wanted from Gramoz, he decides, “but replication.”
Like Little Dog, Gramoz is an immigrant (his family came from Albania), and in Gramoz, Little Dog finds a reflection of himself—a feeling that Little Dog likely does not often have. In weaving this memory in with his coming out story, Little Dog implies there is something subtly sexual about it. This connection at least implies that Little Dog knew at a young age that he was queer, mistook Gramoz’s kindness for affection, and was looking for a reflection of his sexual identity as well.
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There is a reason that a comma looks like a fetus, Little Dog says. The comma is a “curve of continuation.” Suddenly, Rose says she is going to be sick, and Little Dog helps her to the public bathrooms inside the Dunkin’ Donuts. She bends over the toilet, and Little Dog places his hand on her back. He looks up, and, seeing to the urinals, he realizes they are in the men’s room. Rose throws up again, and they leave the restaurant. Little Dog doesn’t tell that her has worn a dress, and he will again in the future.
Little Dog’s comparison of a fetus to a comma implies that they both connote a continuation or future, and therefore possibility. It is unclear whether Rose is vomiting because she is upset after telling Little Dog the story of her first son or because Little Dog has just told her he is queer. Regardless, Little Dog likely thinks his sexuality makes his mother physically ill, which again reflects the discrimination and hate faced by the queer community.  
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Trevor’s living room is “miserable with laughter,” as his father sits drunk in the recliner in front of the television. Trevor and Little Dog sit behind him on the couch, giggling and texting a friend. In the darkness, Little Dog can see the scar on Trevor’s neck from when his father shot him with a nail gun. “Go ahead,” Trevor’s father says, “laugh.” Trevor tells his father that they aren’t laughing at him, but it is already too late. “I hear you,” his father says. “I see things.” He asks if “that China boy” is with Trevor. “He don’t talk but I hear him,” the drunk man says. He asks Trevor if he remembers his uncle, and Trevor says he does. “He whooped them in that jungle,” Trevor’s father says. “He did good for us.”
The forced laughter—presumably some sort of laugh track—on the television is at odds with the oppressiveness of Trevor’s living room, as is the laughter between the boys. Clearly, Trevor’s father has a drinking problem, and he is very abusive if he has a history of shooting Trevor with a nail gun. Trevor’s father’s reference to Little Dog as “that China boy” is racist and insensitive, and he implies that Trevor’s uncle did the world a favor by killing people like Little Dog during the Vietnam War. His comment that he hears and sees “things” implies that perhaps he really knows the truth about Trevor’s sexuality and his relationship with Little Dog.
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Riding their bikes along the Connecticut River, Trevor and Little Dog can see the city on both sides. Little Dog looks to his side of the river, the side Trevor knows nothing about having lived his entire life on the “white side.” Little Dog can see Asylum Avenue, where there used to be an actual asylum but is now home to an Indian family from New Delhi. In India, the mother was a school teacher, but in America, she sells hunting knives door-to-door. There is also a Mexican family, but the father is in jail on gun and drug charges. And there is Marin, who walks to work every day in high heels, her Adam’s apple just visible. The men in the neighborhood call her a “faggot” and a “homomaphedite,” and they threaten to kill her.
The division of Hartford into a “white side” and, presumably, a nonwhite side reflects the segregation and racism of 21st century American society. Even in the absence of formal segregation, white flight—the movement of white people away from people of color—effectively ensures that segregation still exists, even if unofficially. The detail about Marin’s Adam’s apple implies that she is a transgender woman, and this blurring of traditional gender roles makes the neighborhood men uncomfortable. The derogatory names and threats Marin is subjected to further reflect the discrimination that the queer community faces. 
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Little Dog can see the tenement building where he used to live and ride his pink Schwinn, and he can see the parking lot of the church, where a friend’s sister overdosed on drugs. There is also the parking lot of the auto repair shop, where a screaming infant was pulled from the trunk of a car during a blizzard. Little Dog and Trevor ride away from the river, towards Main Street, leaving the people on the other side of the river behind. They ride up a hill, from which they can see the sprawling houses of the wealthy beyond them. Trevor points and says a famous basketball player lives up there. If that guy was his dad, Trevor says, Little Dog could always come and stay at their house.
Just as Hartford is divided by race, it is also divided by wealth and class standing. The wealthy people live at the top of the hill, overlooking all the poor and lower-class people below. Little Dog’s anecdotal stories from his city related to drug overdoses and child abuse or neglect again reflect the pervasiveness of drug abuse and addiction in 21st-century American society. Drug use is rampant, and no part of the city is spared the effects, either directly or indirectly.
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Little Dog reminds Trevor that he already has a father, but Trevor tells Little Dog to ignore his father and not let him upset Little Dog. It is the alcohol that gets to him, Trevor says. Little Dog claims he isn’t upset about Trevor’s father and grows quiet and distant. “Hey, don’t do the fuckin’ silent thing, man,” Trevor says. “It’s a fag move.” They sit for a few more minutes, get back on their bikes, and head for home. 
Trevor suggests that Little Dog is bothered by his father, which implies Little Dog is sensitive and not stereotypically manly, but it is actually Trevor who is bothered by his father. To deflect his feelings, Trevor says that Little Dog’s silence is a “fag move,” which is highly offensive and meant to humiliate Little Dog and place Trevor in a position of power over him. 
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The structure of Little Dog’s letter changes, and his writing turns to poetry. He writes of Trevor, driving a rusty pickup truck without a license. Trevor, his blue jeans covered in blood, waving from his driveway as Little Dog rides by on his old Schwinn. Trevor, who messes around with girls and then humiliates them. Trevor driving 50 miles per hour in his father’s field, the comma shaped scar on his neck “syntax of what next what next what next.” 
Little Dog’s switch to poetry reflects the romantic feelings he has for Trevor. Little Dog’s poetry also reflects the importance of writing and language in the novel. His reference to Trevor’s scar as “syntax of what next what next what next” again reflects Little Dog’s theory of the comma representing continuation.
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Little Dog writes of Trevor loading a shotgun, of Trevor in the rain, and of Trevor begging him. “Please tell me I am not,” Trevor pleads. “Please tell me I am not,” he stammers, “I am not / a faggot. Am I? Am I?  Are you?” Trevor the “hunter,” the “redneck,” not Trevor the “pansy,” “fruit or fairy.” Trevor is not veal, not since his father told him what veal is. “The veal are the children,” Trevor’s father said. 
Again, Trevor is deeply troubled by his sexuality and what that says about his masculinity. He is afraid that to be queer is not to be a “real man,” like a “hunter” or a “redneck,” who meet stereotypical gender expectations. Little Dog frequently refers to Trevor as beef, not veal, because Trevor is tough, not soft like a “pansy” or “fruit or fairy.”
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Veal are calves put into a box, Little Dog explains, where they are kept alive. They aren’t permitted to move or put weight on their muscles, so they stay tender and better tasting. “We love eatin’ what’s soft,” Trevor’s father once said, staring Trevor “dead” in the eyes. “[E]very box will be opened in time,” Little Dog says, “in language.” There is blood in Little Dog’s mouth, and the rusty truck is totaled under a tree. Trevor texting after two months of silence. Trevor, Little Dog’s “all-American beef but no veal.” Little Dog claims memory is “a second chance,” and a calf sits in a “box tighter than a womb,” waiting. Little Dog puts his head to Trevor’s chest and listens “like an animal / learning how to speak.”
Trevor’s father’s comment that “We love eatin what’s soft” while looking Trevor “dead” in the eye again suggests that he really knows about Trevor’s sexuality and his relationship with Little Dog. By implying he knows about Trevor’s sexuality without expressly stating it, Trevor’s father is clearly trying to make Trevor miserable and leave him wondering if he really does knows. Little Dog’s poem is again like stream of consciousness, but he is still focuses on language, writing, and traditional notions of masculinity. 
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