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Chapter 11
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Mis-Education of the Negro, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Racism and Education
Mis-Education as Social Control
Failures of Black Leadership
Business and Economic Development
Summary
Analysis
Woodson notes that Black laborers often refuse to work under Black managers, out of jealousy or resentment. Some white employers have promoted qualified Black employees to management positions, only to find their Black workers unwilling to obey them. Many other white employers use this as an excuse for not hiring Black managers at all.
Woodson again suggests that many Black people confuse individual relationships for social hierarchies. Although they rightly want equality, they demand individual equality with all white people, rather than collective equality for their race. Woodson sees this as understandable but lamentable, because even in an equal society, individuals will have to work their way up from the bottom of the labor hierarchy.
Themes
Woodson believes that Black workers’ resistance to hierarchy will prevent them from accomplishing “the greater things of life.” This explains how a small minority of white people divided and conquered the world: they convinced non-white people to never accept a nonwhite person’s authority. Because Black people don’t organize together and define their political interests, manipulative spokespeople can easily win money and power by misleading them. Meanwhile, Woodson argues that Black people choose their own leaders naïvely, selecting people who cheat them.
Woodson blames mis-education for confusing many Black people about personal versus social hierarchies. By making them resist personal hierarchy, the white establishment prevents them from achieving social equality. Woodson agrees that justice demands equality now, but he also knows that the simple fact that something is right doesn’t mean it will actually happen. Instead, people have to work hard over the long term to make the world more just. To do meaningful work for the benefit of the Black community, he contends, people have to recognize both sides of this equation. They have to see how plainly unjust the world is, but also how difficult it is to fix.
Themes
Woodson concludes that Black people need to change their own perspective before they can rise socioeconomically. For instance, teachers, church leaders, and doctors should stop scamming their clientele and spending beyond their means. These “misleaders” selfishly exploit the masses and contribute to what Woodson considers their lack of moral development, discipline, and intelligence. In turn, these failures become a justification for subjugating Black people under white people’s guidance.
Woodson again forcefully calls for Black leaders to put the collective good above their individual benefit. He recognizes that one of the greatest barriers to Black people's advancement is the need for incredible discipline and moral strength in order to cope with oppression. It's far too easy to channel one’s energies into selfish, individualistic pursuits rather than collective uplift efforts. Needless to say, Woodson thinks that education is the best way to develop the discipline, intelligence, and maturity necessary to put the collective above the individual.
Themes
While in theory anyone can lead any group of people, regardless of race, in practice most white people who lead Black people are ineffective. Some make a point of punishing Black people because they perceive them as inferior. One white principal of a Black school told Woodson that he does not approve of his Black students and cannot educate them, while another deliberately talks down to them. These white schoolmasters have only taken their jobs for the money: they do not care about actually educating Black students, nor are they knowledgeable enough about Black people’s lives to do so.
Woodson carefully distinguishes the prejudiced idea that white people are inherently incapable of leading Black people with the truth: that most white people just don’t understand or respect Black people enough to lead them. (But they could do so, if they did respect and understand Black people.) The white schoolmasters’ racism toward their students suggests that they’ve taken their positions of leadership in the local Black community for the sake of personal benefit, and not in order to help the community advance by effectively educating its youth. This further strengthens Woodson’s argument that Black people ought to fund, own, and run their own schools and universities.
Themes
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Woodson argues that true leadership is about service, which requires being a genuine part of the community one hopes to benefit. Therefore, if white people want to serve Black communities and institutions, they have to make a substantial effort to study the community and understand its needs. Rather than thinking of Black people as “foreigners” who need to be “miraculously transformed,” they have to genuinely care about improving Black people’s lives. They have to fundamentally view the communities they serve as their equals.
Woodson returns to his argument that true leaders, like true educators, serve their communities by meeting them where they are, rather than trying to impose change on them. The first step in this process is understanding the community. This point leads Woodson into the last portion of his book, which focuses on scholarly knowledge about Black people. Of course, Woodson doesn’t think that white people are the only ones who have to learn about Black Americans’ history, culture, and achievements. Rather, Black people also have to seriously study their communities if they want to effectively lead them.
Themes
