The Child by Tiger

by

Thomas Wolfe

The Child by Tiger Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
“Twenty-five years ago,” the narrator is kicking around a football with his friends, Randy Shepperton, Nebraska Crane, and Augustus Potterham in Randy’s yard after school. It is late October, and the narrator can smell leaves and a burning in the air. Nebraska kicks the ball and the narrator tries to catch it, but it bounces into the street. The narrator runs after it but before he can get it, Dick Prosser, “Shepperton’s new Negro man,” appears and scoops up the ball, tossing it back to them. He comes up and addresses all the boys as “Mister” and “Cap’n,” which makes them feel proud and important.
The story’s setting 25 years earlier gives the impression that the narrator looks back on this time as especially significant and formative in his life. The passage also opens the story with a sense of carefree, youthful innocence. Dick Prosser’s friendly appearance also establishes him as someone the boys look up to and whose approval they seek.
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Dick Prosser had served in the United States Army and “the stamp of the military man was evident in everything he did.” It was a joy to watch him cut kindling because he was so powerful, cutting each piece exactly the same length and stacking it neatly against the shed. His room in the Sheppertons’ basement is spotless, with only a woodstove, bed, table and chair. On his table is a Bible because he is a very religious man. The Sheppertons are very happy with him, and it seems “there was very little that Dick Prosser could not do.”
The narrator thinks Dick is a wonder, performing tasks gracefully and living a disciplined, spartan lifestyle he’s never seen anyone else live. In his description of Dick, there is a combination of power and restraint. Dick cuts kindling “powerfully,” but stacks it so neatly and precisely, and, in contrast to his larger-than-life presence, his room is neat and undecorated. This power that expresses itself gently and restrainedly fascinates the narrator.
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Once, Dick Prosser demonstrated to the boys what a good shot he was. He took Randy’s .22 gun in his “powerful black hands” and sent twelve shots into the center of the bullseye without even seeming to aim. He also taught the boys how to box. He never boxed with them, but he would coach them while they sparred each other, and he always made sure they didn’t hurt each other.
Dick’s ease and talent with the gun is potentially alarming, considering that the skill could be used to kill a human being. Even his boxing talent is noteworthy—it seems that everything Dick’s good at indirectly involves violence. Significantly, though, Dick never boxes with the boys. Also, he only demonstrates his power with the gun on a tin target. In this way, he again restrains his power and keeps the boys from realizing its full potential.
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When Dick comes up to them, Randy asks if he’s holding the ball right. Dick watches him and nods approvingly. Then he takes the ball in his own big hand “as easily as if it were an apple,” and adds that, when the boys are older and their hands are bigger, they will have a better grip. Then he draws back the ball, aims it as if he is aiming a gun, and throws it in a beautiful spiral back to Augustus. Dick has taught the boys many things—how to light a fire, how to lift a heavy weight over one’s shoulder—and they are in awe of his power and gentleness.
In this passage, the boys clearly aspire to be like Dick when they are older. When Dick throws the football, the narrator describes his motions as if he were handling a gun. This shows how enamored the boys are of Dick at this stage in the story: they attach shooting motions with gracefulness, not violence. They think Dick’s ability to handle deadly things with grace is awe-inspiring; they aren’t wary of the fact that Dick’s action here makes them think of a weapon.
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And yet, there is something sneaky and swift about Dick Prosser. Sometimes he would sneak suddenly upon the boys like a cat, and sometimes they had the impression of a shadow coming down on them when he was there. They woke sometimes thinking something moved in the night or that they heard a creak or a door opening.
Despite their admiration, the boys harbor fears about Dick. In a similar way that they idolize Dick because of their youth and innocence, they also see him as the embodiment of their childish fears.
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Sometimes Dick would come from the basement with his eyes red from weeping and the boys would know he’d been reading his Bible. His voice would sometimes end in a soft moan, calling them “young white gent’mun” and telling them “you gotta love each othah like a brothah.” It was like a “hymnal chant” that came from some deep, strange place in him, and it troubles and confuses the boys. They sense something dark and strange in these moments that they don’t understand.
The boys don’t understand Dick’s deep religiosity, especially the sorrow and yearning it appears to contain. Dick’s troubling language creates suspense; at this point, the reader is not sure whether to give credit to the boys’ uneasiness about him, given that they’re so young.
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Sometimes Dick mixed together biblical phrases in perplexing speeches. He’d say “Armageddon day’s a-coming,” and “He’ll put de sheep upon de right hand and de goats upon de left.” They always heard him singing while he worked, his voice “full of Africa,” but also familiar to them. Perhaps he learned the songs from his Army days. He would drive the Sheppertons to church and wait in the car in his suit during the sermon. Then, when the hymns were sung, he would stand and sometimes join in quietly.
In this passage, the reader can perceive a danger the boys can’t see so clearly. Dick’s biblical mutterings are extremely cryptic, but the reader can pick up some ominous clues from them. Dick’s language of segregating the goats and the sheep (alluding to one of Jesus’s final warnings about the end times) and reference to “Armageddon” speak to some looming catastrophe. In particular, Dick’s words hint obliquely at the racial tension he constantly faces, and though the boys seem mostly oblivious to this, even they perceive something in Dick that’s foreign to them—his voice “full of Africa.”
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Once, Dick was driving Mr. Shepperton into town when a local drunkard, Lon Everett, came skidding around the corner and knocked the fender off their car. Dick made sure Mr. Shepperton wasn’t hurt. Lon stumbled over to Dick and struck him in the face, making his nose and lips bleed. Dick didn’t move, but his eyes got suddenly red, and he bared his teeth. Lon punched him again, but again Dick didn’t move, only his hands twitched. Nothing more happened, but many people remember how his eyes turned red.
This passage reveals the extent of the racism that exists in the town and the rage this stirs in Dick. Lon, who was at fault for the accident, had no reason for striking Dick and clearly does so out of racial hatred. In the face of this injustice, Dick becomes terrifyingly enraged. Once again, he restrains his rage, but many people are haunted by its intensity. The passage hints that Dick’s suppressed rage is close to exploding.
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The Sheppertons have “a comely Negro wench,” Pansy Harris, as their cook. Although no one knows why, she became silent and sullen when Dick started working for them. An air of gloom follows her. One Saturday, shortly before Christmas, she announces she’s quitting, offering an excuse about her husband needing her at home. The Sheppertons offer to pay her more to persuade her to stay, but she refuses and leaves that night. No one understands why.
The narrator thinks that Pansy’s mysterious change of mood and decision to quit has something to do with Dick. This passage is important in terms of the story’s timeline. Pansy quits the evening after the boys find something ominous in Dick’s basement room, as the narrator is about to tell. Thus the passage heightens suspense about Dick and what he’s capable of.
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Earlier that day, the boys are playing around in the Sheppertons’ basement. They notice that Dick Prosser’s door is slightly open, and they peek inside. They gasp—beside Dick’s Bible on the table lies a rifle and a box of a hundred rounds of ammunition. Suddenly, Dick appears behind them “like a cat” and a “shadow.” His eyes are red, and he bares his teeth. The boys are terrified, and Randy almost begins to cry.
In this passage, all the things that are potentially suspicious about Dick become more so. The symbolism of a gun changes when the boys see the rifle, clearly intended for some lethal purpose because it is sitting beside a box of ammunition. Moreover, when Dick finds them, his rage is undeniable, and the boys’ fears about his sneakiness no longer seem unfounded.
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Dick closes his mouth, and his eyes turn white again. He asks the boys if they’ve been looking at his rifle, and they nod, shocked and awed. Dick chuckles and explains that he can’t do without his rifle because he’s an army man and taking his rifle away would be like “takin’ candy from a little baby.” He picks up the gun “affectionately,” then explains that he’d saved up to buy the rifle to surprise the boys on Christmas and teach them to shoot. The boys start to calm down. Dicks says they spoiled his surprise by peeking in his room, but asks them, in a tone of confidence and sheepish regret, to keep it secret from “the other white fokes” because he was really looking forward to surprising them on Christmas Day. The boys solemnly swear to keep his secret.
The gun is a clear hint of Dick’s potential for violence. The boys’ trust of him is seriously shaken for the first time, and they become afraid of him. However, Dick persuades them to trust him again by using their youthful gullibility to his advantage. He transforms the boys’ image of a gun back into something wonderful—something he wanted to generously surprise them with for Christmas. When he asks them to keep his secret, he makes them feel like he’s trusting them with important, grown-up information, and they eagerly jump at this opportunity to be included in his confidence.
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That night, snow falls. It obscures the air and covers the ground, muffling all sounds. All life retreats into the houses in which fires crackle. The narrator falls asleep sensing the mystery of the storm and feeling a dark excitement in himself. He awakens to the sound of the fire bell clanging fast and loud. Running to the window, he looks for the glow of fire but sees nothing. Then he realizes that it isn’t a fire alarm but something new, signaling a menace “greater than fire or flood could ever be.”
When the alarm bell rings, the narrator thinks it is some kind of natural disaster. The narrator quickly realizes, however, that this alarm warns of some new and terrible menace. This heightens the fear in this climactic moment, preparing the narrator for something horrific that he can’t even conceive of.
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The whole town comes to life. The houses light up and people run into the street, shouting and asking questions. Nebraska Crane comes down the street, whistling through his fingers to signal to the narrator and Randy. When the narrator meets him at the door, he notices Nebraska’s eyes have a dark intensity he’s never seen before. Nebraska says “it’s that nigger. He’s gone crazy and is running wild.” Mr. Crane (the policeman) comes out and talks to Mr. Shepperton in a low voice, then Mr. Shepperton goes back inside to answer the ringing phone. His wife asks, “is it Dick?” and Mr. Shepperton nods.
Throughout this chaotic scene, the narrator still has no idea what’s happening, but he glimpses the beginnings of dark change in the familiar things around him. Nebraska Crane’s eyes have a dark look in them that the narrator has never seen before, and Nebraska’s use of a racial slur tellingly distances himself from Dick, a man he’d admired until very recently. The narrator hears a few mentions of Dick and the dark truth of what happened draws closer to him.  
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Nebraska whistles again and Randy runs out and joins him and the narrator in the street. Randy whispers “its’s Dick […] they say he’s killed four people.” The narrator begins to ask “with—” but stops. Randy nods and they stare blankly, feeling guilty and afraid.
Significantly, the narrator and Randy’s first feeling when they hear of Dick’s crime is of their own guilt. They must confront the fact that they are not innocent at the very same time they find out that Dick isn’t innocent, because they’d known about his gun but didn’t tell anyone.
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A window opens and Old Man Suggs appears, shouting that Dick is coming this way. Mr. Crane yells back that no, he went down South Dean Street, heading for the river. All around, everyone is starting their cars. When Mr. Shepperton starts his car, the boys get in, too, even though he tells them not to. They pick up Mr. Crane and head for town at top speed. Someone shouts, “he’s killed six men!”
Everyone gravitates towards the town square for no apparent reason, ominously hinting that a mob is forming. Everyone is interested in the crime, but no one knows what actually happened. The narrator, too, follows Mr. Shepperton and his friends towards the town center without thinking about it; he’s still in shock, and it remains to be seen whether he’ll be swept along with the mob or not.
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Soon, they reach the town square. Mr. Crane gets out and heads across the square without saying a word. As people rush to the square from all sides, their dark silhouettes stand out against the snow. The crowd gathered at the intersection between South Dean Street and the square looks like a dog fight. People swarm in like they do when two kids fight on the playground at recess.
The narrator’s description of the gathering in the town square has animalistic overtones, as people instinctively gravitate toward violence. The dark silhouettes against the snow also suggest a contrast between innocence and evil. Instead of individual characters, everyone is increasingly grouped together as the “crowd” or the “mob.” Even though the narrator has found out that Dick has committed some horrible crime, he seems most frightened by the mob at this point.
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But the narrator hears something different. He hears a low, growing growl from the crowd. He knows exactly what it means, for “there’s no mistaking the blood note in that foggy growl.” The boys look at one another questioningly, except that Nebraska’s eyes shine with a savagery the other two have never seen. He urges them towards the crowd, saying “they mean business this time.” Then the boys hear the growls of the hounds getting closer, seeming to bay on their heels. In the dogs’ sorrowful howls, the narrator hears “the savagery of man’s guilty doom.”
The growls of the savage dogs joining the mob really terrifies the narrator. Everything around him seems to have turned dark and savage. When he says he can hear “the savagery of man’s guilty doom” in the dogs’ growls, he seems to be referring to the savagery of all people, his own guilt, and a doom that awaits Dick specifically but also all of humanity.
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The crowd gathers around Cash Eager’s hardware store, even though Cash hasn’t arrived yet. A few people stretch their arms across the store-front window, trying to protect the property from the crowd. Hugh McNair shouts passionately at the crowd to wait, saying this is “no case for lynch law,” but the mob tries to silence him with their roar; someone says they’ve waited long enough. The mob writhes “like a tormented snake.” Then someone throws a rock and smashes the storefront window.
Hugh McNair’s exclamation that this is “no case for lynch law” indicates that there’s some will to resist mob violence in the town, but it also suggests that even relatively level-headed townspeople believe that “lynch law” is sometimes justifiable. The crowd’s response confirms that racism in the town has, at best, lain dormant, and it’s now overflowing. Again, animalistic imagery—the “tormented snake”—illustrates how irrational the crowd is getting.
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The crowd lets out a bloody roar and surges through the broken window into the store. They grab rifles and break open boxes of cartridges, filling their pockets with them. In minutes, every rifle and all ammunition has been taken from the store. The crowd surges back onto the street and gathers around the dogs.
This passage helps to establish the townspeople as just as capable of violence as Dick. The frightening image of the rifle and box of ammunition in Dick’s basement returns here, multiplied. Dick’s crime with his rifle unleashed the town’s desire for loaded weapons of their own—and the town is capable of far greater firepower than a lone man.
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The hounds are pulling at their leashes and moaning. Though they’ve detected Dick’s scent, it’s hardly necessary, because Dick’s footprints in the snow show exactly where he went, downhill into the dark. Soon, however, the footprints are covered up by the snow blowing in the wind. Then the dogs are signaled, and they start down the hill, the crowd following them. The boys stand and watch, listening to the murmur of the crowd waft back to them. Others stand back, looking at the wreck the mob left behind. Someone points out two bullet holes in a telephone post. Between the groups of people, the pieces of the story are put together.
It seems that the author deliberately gives details of the mob’s reactionary violence before he fills in the details of Dick’s crime. In doing this, he highlights the fact that the town’s outrage is excessive and uncontrolled. Their violence clearly comes from a place of racial hatred that is much deeper and older than the crime at hand. The author thus condemns the mob’s criminality as much as Dick’s, exposing the part every character is capable of playing in violence and racism.
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As people reconstruct the details, earlier that night, Dick Prosser goes to the Black neighborhood in town to see Pansy Harris. (Some people say he was drunk.) Around ten o’clock, Pansy’s husband comes home and finds Dick there. In ugly moods, the men drink and talk for a while before beginning to fight. Pansy’s husband slashes Dick with a razor, and Pansy runs out of the house screaming for help. After informing the police, Pansy returns to her shack just as her husband staggers out, bleeding. Dick appears in the doorway and shoots Pansy’s husband in the back of the head. He drops to the ground and lies dead in the snow. Then Dick grabs Pansy, pulls her inside, locks the door, and waits in the dark.
When the reader finds out what Dick did, it’s obvious that his suppressed rage was so great that he acted far outside the bounds of its cause. In addition, he was the one originally at fault in the altercation for visiting another man’s wife. Significantly, too, his first murder is of a Black man, someone who’d conceivably be an ally in Dick’s tirade against racism. All this suggests that the rage stirred in Dick through racial injustice contributed to uncontrollable and irrational violence.
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Two policemen, Willis and John Grady, arrive. They see Pansy’s husband lying dead in the snow and approach the shack quietly, guns drawn. When Grady shines his flashlight through the window and calls for Dick to come out, Dick shoots him through the wrist, then turns and shoots Willis above the eyes just as Willis is kicking down the door. Just as Grady is calling for backup, Dick comes out of the shack, aims across the street, and shoots Grady through the temple.
Dick makes it evident that he simply intends to kill anyone who gets in his way. He seems to have no obvious target or goal. He unleashes his violence first on another Black man and then on any white policeman or other person who crosses his path. Because Dick’s aims are unclear, he appears all the more sinister.
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Dick strides unhurriedly up the middle of the street, shooting left and right as he moves toward town. When someone sticks his head out his window, Dick shoots the top off the man’s head. The streets are silent because everyone knows now that he’s coming. He turns onto South Dean Street and heads towards the square, shooting at a man through the window of a restaurant.
At the beginning of the story, Dick’s shooting skill was framed as admirable. Now, however, his talent is cruel and terrifying as opposed to graceful and harmless. His perfect aim, his speed, and his stealth all make him monstrous, no longer an object of respect.
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The police headquarters sends John Chapman to the square to intercept Dick. Mr. Chapman is a favorite on the police force, regarded as possibly too kind to be a policeman. Mr. Chapman stations himself behind the telephone posts, takes aim, and fires at Dick. Dick kneels and fires, and the bullet grazes Chapman and strikes a monument on the other side of the square. Chapman fires again and misses. Dick fires once more, calmly aiming from his knee, and shoots Chapman through the heart. Then he turns and marches straight out of town like a soldier.
This passage further suggests that Dick’s shooting spree is indiscriminate. Significantly, Dick kills Chapman “through the heart,” the place where kindness symbolically resides. This development pits Dick against a sympathetic policeman, suggesting that Dick’s rage has become so intense that it leads him to kill innocent people.
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After they all hear the story, the town gets quiet again. They can hear the hounds howling faintly by the river. Since there is nothing more to see, everyone goes back home, but no one can sleep. The snow continues to fall and muffle everything, and people wait eagerly for news of Dick’s capture.
The narrator suggests that sleep has been ruined by Dick Prosser and, by implication, his innocence as well. He is no longer the naïve, trusting young man he was at the start of the story.
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The police and the mob of townspeople trail Dick across the river and through a field into the woods. The dogs lose his scent for a while because he’d travelled upriver in the water, and they pick it up again several miles upstream on the other side. The mob circles around him where he is hiding hungry and cold in the woods. The next morning, he tries to run, but they see him and start after him. As they approach, he kneels and shoots, killing a deputy and two others. Then he retreats towards the creek, continuing to fire as he goes.
When he hides out in the woods and escapes upstream to hide his tracks, Dick employs skills he presumably would have learned in his Army days. Again, it isn’t clear what Dick hopes to attain. If he escapes the police, where will he go? Even when he knows they have him cornered, he continues to fire at the mob, seeming to want only to kill as many people as he can.
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At the creek’s edge, Dick takes his last shot, shooting deputy Wayne Foraker in the forehead. Then he aims again, but this time, he doesn’t fire. He throws the gun aside, at which point the mob cheers and charges forward. Instead of trying to escape across the creek, as the crowd expects, Dick sits down in the snow and unlaces his boots, placing them neatly beside him. Then he stands upright, poised like a soldier, and faces the oncoming mob. No one fully understands why he does this.
It is very perplexing why Dick takes off his boots before he is shot. Dick follows some code of his own, and has his own idea of dignity, standing barefoot facing his death, but no one can fathom what he means by it. This mystique is what’s made him such an ambiguous and even sinister character all along.
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The men on horseback enclose him and fire their guns. Dick falls to the snow, shot through with bullets. The other men come up, encircle his dead body, and riddle it with their own bullets. They tie a rope around the neck of the dead body and hang it from a tree, then empty their guns by firing at the hanging body.
This scene heavily gestures to the brutal lynchings of the post-Civil War south. One bullet would have killed Dick, but the mob is barbaric: they shoot him many times, hang his body to a tree, and shoot it some more, clearly acting out of racial hatred beyond any reasonable sense of justice.
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The mob returns, bringing Dick’s mutilated body on one of the horses. When they reach the town square, they hang the body in a window so that everyone can see. The boys say they won’t go and look, but eventually they do, as people always go and look even at what horrifies them. When they see the body, they try to believe it is the same person who’d been gentle to them, taught them things, and told them secrets, but they can’t. They feel sick and afraid about something they don’t understand.
Dick’s body is so disfigured, both by the mob’s bullets and by the boys’ awareness of what Dick did, that when they look at it, their memories of innocence and goodness are disfigured, too. They can’t believe he is the same person who was gentle to them, and this contributes to their inability to find innocence in the people around them, in their memories, or in themselves. In effect, their childhood has ended.
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The boys stand in front of Dick’s body, looking away and looking back at it. The sky is dreary and grey. Everyone from town gathers around them to look, too, familiar to the boys in their everyday lives but also looking different, like “mongrel conquerors.” A dark and confusing evil has come into the boys’ lives, and they will always remember it, even when spring comes and warms the world with sunlight again. They know now that there is “something hateful and unspeakable in the souls of men.”
Everything that’s familiar to the boys has changed. They look at their neighbors and see monstrous savagery in their faces. Because he sees darkness in everyone, not just in Dick, the narrator attributes the “hateful and unspeakable” quality to humanity as a whole, ironically unifying everyone in their potential for darkness.
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Beside the narrator, Ben Pounders, a ferret-faced man, is bragging about his triumph. He says he’d put the first bullet in Dick and points to the bullet hole in the corpse. Then he says that, in total, they’d put three hundred bullets in him. The crowd listens hungrily and gapes at the body. Nebraska Crane boldly congratulates the mob on killing “a big one.” He walks away without any fear or doubt in his eyes while Randy and the narrator follow him, sick and scared.
The excessive violence with which the mob reacted to Dick’s crime is disgusting in this passage. The reader finds out they shot Dick 300 times— an outrageous performance of violence and hatred. The crowd brags about their triumph, revealing their love of violence. Nebraska Crane has embraced this extreme as well, proving the harm that displays of violence can do to impressionable children—not long before, Nebraska, too, liked and admired Dick, but now he utterly dehumanizes Dick, much as Ben Pounders does.
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A few days later, the narrator and Randy go into Dick’s room with Mr. Shepperton. It is just as neat as before, but it feels alive with the memory of Dick. Mr. Shepperton goes over to the Bible on the table and opens it to where Dick had been reading last. He reads aloud “The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want […] I will fear no evil: for thou art with me.” Then he closes the book, and they leave the room, locking the door behind them. No one will ever go in there again.
In this scene, the shutting of the door on Dick’s room so that “no one [will] ever go in there again,” illustrates the final end to the boys’ innocence. Dick’s room and the Psalm they read from his Bible symbolize Dick’s gentleness, which is now strange and confusing in light of recent events. Innocence no longer makes sense in their world, and so they shut the door on it.
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Time passes, and the town forgets the incident as people go their various ways. But the memory often comes back to the narrator. He remembers kicking the ball with his friends, the shouts of their young voices, and the stealthy shadow of Dick moving in the night. He remembers the clanging alarm bell, the murmuring mob, the growling hounds, and the shadow he would never forget.
Even when the narrator tries to go back and remember his childhood, the shadow is never absent; he can no longer view those days in a totally innocent light. This suggests that the innocence the narrator thought he knew in childhood was really just a delusion. As an adult, he can see the ever-present shadow behind it.
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The narrator remembers Dick’s tidy room and the holiness of the Psalm that Mr. Shepperton had read aloud. The psalm perplexes him because it seems so unlike Dick. Recently, he heard another song that reminded him of Dick: “What the hammer? What the chain? / In what furnace was thy brain? […] Did he who made the lamb make thee?”
The narrator thinks of the William Blake poem when he thinks of Dick because it asks questions about where such a menacing beast could come from. The origin of the burning tiger is obscure in the poem, and so is the origin of Dick’s darkness.
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The narrator tries to answer the song’s questions: “What the hammer? What the chain?” Many rumors circulate about where Dick came from and what he had done. Some people say he’d killed a man while in the Army and went to prison, while others say he went crazy and went to an asylum. No one knew where Dick really came from, but the narrator thinks he came from darkness. He thinks Dick is a symbol of “man’s evil innocence,” and that he was “a brother and a mortal enemy (…) two worlds together—a tiger and a child.”
The town speculates as to where Dick literally came from, but the narrator knows he came from the figurative place of darkness. His final statement shows how his notions of good and evil have become indistinct, such that he believes Dick was evil and innocent. When he says Dick was “a tiger and a child,” it seems he is also talking about himself; his life is a combination of the innocence he felt as a child and the wickedness he now sees everywhere, even in himself.
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