The Theory of Flight

by

Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu

Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging Theme Analysis

Themes and Colors
Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging Theme Icon
Colonialism and Postcolonialism Theme Icon
Love, Family, and Selfishness Theme Icon
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LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Theory of Flight, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging Theme Icon

Throughout The Theory of Flight, characters experience tensions between their individual aspirations, often symbolized by wings and flight, and their communal histories, often symbolized by rooted organisms like sunflowers. The main character Genie’s grandfather, Baines Tikiti, demonstrates this tension. He loves travel and leaves his wife behind in an unnamed country (implicitly Zimbabwe) to work as a traveling salesman in South Africa. There he becomes obsessed with airplanes, an obsession that symbolizes his individual aspiration to travel and explore. He eventually earns enough money to send for his wife and his son (Genie’s father, Golide Gumele), whom he has never met. Yet when he sees Golide, he rejects his son due to Golide’s albinism, gives up family life, and continues his individualistic, traveling ways. Though he sends money to his family, his wife sends it back—and despite his individual aspirations, he becomes so distraught at her reaction that he walks into the ocean and drowns. Baines’s life, narrated at the novel’s beginning, primes the reader to see individual aspiration and group belonging as fundamentally opposed.

Yet Genie’s death, narrated toward the novel’s end, ultimately resolves the tension between individual aspiration and group belonging. Having lived for years with HIV/AIDS and (later) cervical cancer, Genie decides she wants to die on her own terms. At first her aspiration to die intentionally and peacefully causes conflict with the groups to which she belongs. First her lover Vida and then her adoptive family, the Masukus (Dingani, Thandi, Krystle, and Marcus), try to keep her alive against her wishes. Eventually, Genie manages to die—and after her loved ones find her body, they witness Genie flying away on silver wings. While Genie’s death is clearly an individual triumph, however, it is also a celebration of group history and belonging: she chooses to die near her childhood home, with her feet dug into the soil, in a sunflower field where she used to play with her adoptive brother Marcus. Moreover, her planned death brings her scattered loved ones together—and she leaves behind for them “the most beautiful and precious something,” her own petrified heart. Thus the novel’s end suggests that a person like Genie can fulfill her individual aspirations, like an autonomous death, while still honoring where she comes from, bringing people together, and leaving behind a legacy for her loved ones.

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Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging appears in each part of The Theory of Flight. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging Quotes in The Theory of Flight

Below you will find the important quotes in The Theory of Flight related to the theme of Individual Aspiration vs. Group Belonging.
Book 1, Part 1: Genealogy Quotes

He felt that the name that he had been born with, Bafana Ndlelaphi—which literally meant, ‘boys, which is the way’—was not fit for an explorer such as himself and so he changed it to Baines Tikiti. Tikiti—a ticket, something one purchased in order to go on a journey. Something that gave one purpose.

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni , Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, Baines Tikiti/Bafana Ndlelaphi
Page Number: 2
Explanation and Analysis:

Golide knew that building airplanes was a costly business—that being capable of flight would come at a price. Parts either had to be bought or manufactured, people had to be educated and trained and the state’s monopoly on manufacturing had to be destroyed and decentralized. These obstacles made Golide spend most of his time thinking of ways to make the people understand that they were still capable of flight, and at no cost to themselves.

Related Characters: Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, Elizabeth Nyoni, Beatrice Beit-Beauford
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 11
Explanation and Analysis:
Book 1, Part 2: History Quotes

Bhekithemba did not believe in love, at least not in romantic love. He understood the love one had for one’s parents and one’s country—but that sort of love was born of respect and gratitude. It was a sort of giving back. There was a reason for that kind of love. It was only natural to love the things that had given you life, a sense of place, a feeling of belonging, a connection to things beyond yourself. You could not exist without those things and so of course you loved them. It was a selfish love: a love of self-preservation. Selfish love was understandable . . . reasonable. But romantic love had no reason.

Related Characters: Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, The Man Himself, Bhekithemba Nyathi, Elizabeth Nyoni
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 57
Explanation and Analysis:

The man told Bhekithemba how he had come up with his theory of flight on September 3, 1978, as he watched elephants swim across the Zambezi River. What had made the first elephant cross was that it could see the other bank of the river—the elephant would not have swum into the ocean, of this the man was certain. What made the other elephants follow was the successful passage of the first. The man wanted people to know that they were capable of flight, and at first he had erroneously thought that they would realize this if he taught them how to build airplanes. After watching the elephants, he understood that what was needed was merely his own belief in flight. If people saw him build a giant pair of silver wings, then they too would believe that they could fly.

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni , Vida de Villiers/Jesus, Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, Bhekithemba Nyathi, Baines Tikiti/Bafana Ndlelaphi
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 60
Explanation and Analysis:
Book 1, Part 4: Teleology Quotes

“You understand that in the grander scheme of things you are but a speck . . . a tiny speck , , , and that that is enough. There is freedom, beauty even, in that kind of knowledge . . . and it is the kind of knowledge that finally quiets you. It is the kind of knowledge that allows you to fly.”

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni (speaker), Marcus Malcolm Martin Masuku, Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 126
Explanation and Analysis:
Book 1, Part 5: Epidemiology: Love in the Time of HIV Quotes

It was only when he saw Genie looking at the things he had created with awe and wonder, only when he saw one hand traveling to her mouth to cover an “O” that had already escaped, only when he saw the other hand reaching out to touch him gently on the shoulder, only when she looked at the things he had created as things of utter beauty, only when she whispered, “I knew it. I knew you were special. I knew it,” her brilliant eyes never leaving the sculptures, it was only then that he realized that the things he created could actually have lives of their own—beyond him.

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni (speaker), Vida de Villiers/Jesus, Marcus Malcolm Martin Masuku, Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti
Page Number: 147
Explanation and Analysis:

“Promise me you will never speak to me of love,” she said. She looked at him and ran the back of her hand idly over his chest. “To not have to speak of love is such a freeing thing.”

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni (speaker), Vida de Villiers/Jesus, Marcus Malcolm Martin Masuku, Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti
Page Number: 163
Explanation and Analysis:
Book 2, Part 1: Epistemology Quotes

Funny that during her final moments her thoughts and concerns should be so domestic.

After a lifetime of believing she was in flight, of believing that she was something spectacular in the sky, had she rather been a hybrid thing—something rooted but free to fly? Could such a hybrid thing even exist?

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs, Sunflowers
Page Number: 180-181
Explanation and Analysis:

“You cannot break me. You see, I know for certain that my parents were capable of flight.”

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni (speaker), Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, Valentine Tanaka, Elizabeth Nyoni
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 244
Explanation and Analysis:
Book 2, Part 2: Revelations Quotes

Genie chooses this particular moment, with the survivors as her witnesses, to fly away on a giant pair of silver wings . . . and leave her heart behind to calcify into the most precious and beautiful something that the world has ever seen.

As the survivors watch her ascend she experiences love as the release of a promise long held.

Related Characters: Genie/Imogen Zula Nyoni , Vida de Villiers/Jesus, Golide Gumele/Livingstone Stanley Tikiti, Elizabeth Nyoni
Related Symbols: Wings, Birds, and Eggs
Page Number: 305
Explanation and Analysis: