Under the Feet of Jesus

by

Helena María Viramontes

Under the Feet of Jesus: Chapter Three Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
As the days pass and Alejo’s condition worsens, one of the other piscadores diagnoses him with “daño of the fields,” a very serious illness. Gumecindo consults with Perfecto and Petra; it’s time for them to take the bus back to Texas, but Alejo can’t even move. Gumecindo is worried about Alejo. He says he always knew something would go wrong, but he also clearly wants to go home himself. His anxiety to leave resonates with Perfecto.
The fact that Alejo’s illness is specifically connected – at least in common parlance – to the fields suggests that it’s not just the pesticides making him sick but the entire system of exploitative labor in which he lives. As Gumecindo relinquishes responsibility for his cousin, Estrella will care for him – again emphasizing the tendency of women to take on obligations that men can’t or won’t fulfill.
Themes
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Motherhood Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
In between scolding Cookie and Perla for trying to eat ladybugs, Petra suggests taking care of Alejo at the bungalow. Perfecto is reluctant to take on the responsibility, especially since Petra’s legs have swollen so much that she can barely stand up, but she says that if one of her children got sick, she would want someone to help him. It might even be a test from God. Perfecto says he won’t “allow” it, but Petra just sits down and crosses her arms.
Petra’s defiance of Perfecto’s edict is a moment of female empowerment and agency. However, her worsening physical state and the difficulty of caring for the rambunctious children she already has hint at how ill-equipped she is to take on an additional responsibility. Motherhood is both a source of strength and a limiting factor in Petra’s life.
Themes
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In the end, Gumecindo and Perfecto carry Alejo to the bungalow and lay him in a makeshift bed. Previously, Alejo had been left alone for hours at a time while his cousin and friends worked; he’s glad to know that at least he won’t die alone now. Petra feeds him rice water and performs folk rituals to heal him. Once he wakes up to find her washing him and realizes that he’s soiled himself; he hopes that Estrella doesn’t know about this.
One of Petra’s best qualities is her generosity, even when she has literally nothing to give besides tenderness and care. Her attitude contrasts starkly with the wider social indifference to the welfare of migrant workers.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
For Alejo, the sensation of sleeping in a room full of children is new. When everyone is asleep, he notices Estrella’s bare back and moves closer to cuddle against her skin. She’s used to sleeping among many bodies and pushes closer against him. She smells like sweat and “Eagles’ condensed milk,” and her face seems relaxed as it never does when she’s awake.
It’s interesting that in describing Estrella’s comforting scent, Alejo mentions the specific brand of milk. As many characters often do, he references consumer goods when thinking wistfully of security and stability that is just out of reach.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
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Perfecto wonders if Petra knows what’s on his mind. He worries that his preoccupied attitude and search for extra jobs might be giving her hints. He’s continued to dream that his first wife is calling to him; his dead child appears to him as well. He even dreams that Petra is pregnant. He wants the spirits to go away and let him take comfort in his new partner, but they won’t. Alejo’s appearance and probable death is the “final sign” urging him to go.
Perfecto is concealing his desire to leave the family from Petra, while she’s hiding the incipient pregnancy that is making her legs swell. But while Petra’s secret involves the assumption of new responsibilities, Perfecto’s implies jettisoning existing ones.
Themes
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Coming of Age Theme Icon
In the cabin, Alejo wakes up to Cookie tickling his face. When he turns his head the other way, Perla is curiously touching the stubble on his face. He tells them go to away and they run out of the house, laughing.
Even though Alejo is in dire straits, being surrounded by a family instead of left alone is an important improvement for him.
Themes
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Perfecto carefully checks over his car. It desperately needs a new battery, and Perfecto hopes that by tearing down the barn he can buy one and leave the leftover money to the family. As he supervises Ricky and Arnulfo gathering firewood, he wonders where his own children are and how they managed to drift away from him. The twins run outside to tell him that Alejo woke up, but for some reason Perfecto recoils from the feeling of their clammy hands in his.
Cars are supposed to give drivers greater control of their destinies, but as Perfecto looks over the station wagon, he reflects on his inability to prevent the dissolution of his family. In fact, the car represents Perfecto’s lack of control over the events of his life.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
In a flashback, Petra remembers a long, hot walk with her children to the grocery store. While they wait for a chance to cross the highway, they see a beautiful green car pull into the gas station on the other side. Petra and Estrella lift up the twins and run across the road; the mother warns the children that soon they’ll have to learn to cross on their own.
Even as she observes this expensive car, Petra must usher her children across a dangerous highway on foot. In this scenario, the car represents the enormous gulf between her life and middle-class America.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
Walking past the car, Petra eyes its pristine seats. She’s jealous that its owner can travel so quickly from one place to another. He must be “a man who knew his neighbors well” and “who could tell where the schools and where the stores were” in his town “and where the Nescafe jars in the stores were located.” The boys haven’t crossed the road yet, and Petra shouts to them when it’s safe, earning a stare from the car’s owner.
Petra uses the imagery of consumer goods to articulate the car owner’s relative wealth. But her depiction of him as settled and secure in his home shows that she values these good insofar as they denote tranquility and stability, not in and of themselves.
Themes
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Quotes
In front of the store, a woman in high heels is wrangling the vending machine. She stares at Estrella, who silently points at a coin she’s dropped. The twins coo at the growling watchdog, although Petra warns them to stay away from it. She tells them to stay on the porch; when they see the candy inside, they always start misbehaving, causing Petra to spank them and then regret her anger. The store owner is sitting over a ledger “as thick as the Bible.”
Petra has to leave her children outside the store because when she brings them inside, the limits of her ability to provide for them become too painfully apparent. Meanwhile, the well-dressed woman is carelessly dropping money on the floor while she makes her purchases. The distance between their lives could not be more apparent.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
In the back room, someone swears in Spanish and Petra tuts at his language. The unseen man is trying to fix some pipes. Petra scans the aisles, constantly doing math in her head to determine what she can and can’t buy. The produce selection is meager and old, nothing like the firm fruit she harvests in the fields. Watching over her as she shops are posters of the Virgin of Guadalupe and Marilyn Monroe.
Even though she’s largely excluded from her society, Petra clings to certain social norms, like good language, that give her and her children a sense of dignity. The difference between the fruit she harvests and the produce she’s able to afford emphasizes how little her difficult labor actually benefits her.
Themes
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As Petra roots around for a good bulb of garlic, she sees another hand in the bin and notices a tall and wiry man (Perfecto) across from her. He looks old – but then, everyone who works in the fields is prematurely aged. The man chooses a particularly good bulb and gives it to Petra, who remarks on its pungency to an unimpressed Estrella. She shakes the man’s hand before he picks up his tool chest and walks to the storeowner, who says that since he fixed the pipes, his bill is paid.
Perfecto’s actions often communicate the value of work to those around him. Because of his skill with his tools, he’s able to interact with the storeowner as an equal. Perhaps one of the reasons Petra embarks on a relationship with him is a desire to share in the dignity he exudes even in the most trying of circumstances.
Themes
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Petra continues to smell the garlic, which she will use to cure stomachaches, ease the pain in her veins, and spice her chili. After she pays for the groceries and leaves the store, the twins tell her that a “nice man” (Perfecto) gave them some ice to eat. Petra feels that the strange man is someone she can trust. Perla throws a piece of her ice to the watchdog and says she loves him.
Instead of relying on medicine or painkillers, Petra uses garlic to cure household ailments. This shows her resourcefulness and her ability to live intimately with the natural world around her, but it also emphasizes her inability to access remedies that most Americans take for granted.
Themes
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Race and Marginalization Theme Icon
In the morning in the present, Petra wakes up next to Perfecto and looks at the sheet that separates them from the children. She hears Alejo and Estrella murmuring to each other; her daughter tells the boy not to worry about his illness, since Petra has been throwing up a lot too. Estrella says that she’s worried about Ricky and Arnulfo, who don’t yet know how to work well in the sun. She asks him about his dreams, and they argue about whether or not she can remember hers. Alejo moves to hold Estrella, just as Petra is clinging to Perfecto. Petra wonders if she is healing the boy so he can “take” her daughter.
Petra is suspicious of Estrella’s new relationship with Alejo partly because she sees her own decline into old age reflected in her daughter’s new romance. More broadly, based on her own experience with her husband, she’s convinced that Estrella can only get into trouble by growing up and becoming involved with men. The mistreatment and poverty that Petra has endured exacerbates the natural maternal worry she experiences while watching her daughter grow up.
Themes
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Alejo asks Estrella what grade she’s in, and if she plans to work in the fields forever. Petra is annoyed at the question – after all, if Estrella didn’t work, Alejo wouldn’t eat. Estrella says that there’s nothing wrong with “picking the vegetables people’ll be eating for dinner,” but even she admits she doesn’t want to do it. Petra’s hand wanders over Perfecto’s body and he grabs it for a second – but just to push it away.
In her mild rebuke of Alejo, Estrella mimics Petra’s earlier comment, showing how deeply her outlook and character are shaped by her mother. Yet, Perfecto’s quiet rejection of Petra shows that mother and daughter are at markedly different stages in their lives, especially with regard to their male partners.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Petra sits up and gets dressed, struggling to fasten her skirt around her belly. Every day seems like “a tight squeeze of a belt upon a belly.” Watched by a crow, she crouches by the cooking pit and performs a ritual she knows by heart: combining flower, lard, and water to make tortillas. She doesn’t even have to be fully awake to do this. She fills the insides with potatoes and makes a stack for a lunch that will both fill the children up and “make them hungry for more.”
Petra’s growing belly forecasts the realization of her pregnancy that will soon dawn on all the characters. Even though Petra loves her children and cares for them devotedly here, she describes pregnancy as claustrophobic and oppressive, showing that her poverty and isolation prevent motherhood from being a fully positive experience.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
As Estrella comes out of the bungalow, Petra notices how tall she is. Soon she’ll begin menstruating; the thought reminds Petra of her own missed periods. She remembers how scared she was the first time it happened to her and feels sad that nothing she can do will stop Estrella from growing up or keep her “heart from falling into the ground.”
It’s a good thing that Estrella is growing tall and strong, but Petra just sees this as proof that her daughter will soon be in a predicament like her own. Due to the harshness of her own life, Petra’s conception of her daughter’s future is static and fatalistic, with no room for improvement and no possibility that Estrella’s path will diverge from her own.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Coming of Age Theme Icon
Estrella wishes that it would rain so they could stay home from the fields. She feels that there will never be an escape from this work. Perfecto walks silently past her; Estrella knows that he will stay taciturn until she agrees to help him with the barn. Reproachfully, Petra says that she and Alejo are “like birds that make too much noise.” She tells Estrella that she’s starting something serious, but Perfecto isn’t listening and asks her about the barn again.
Perfecto’s growing obsession with the barn shows his desire to disentangle himself from the family’s problems. While Petra accepts that she will always be limited by her responsibility for her children, she discourages Estrella from involvement with Alejo because she doesn’t want her daughter to take on such responsibilities so soon.
Themes
Motherhood Theme Icon
Later that day, Petra takes Alejo onto the porch for some air. Some days he’s better than others, but she hasn’t healed him as she thought she could; he only shows any energy when Estrella returns from work. Cookie and Perla play near the porch while Petra cleans nopales (cactus) to eat later. She doesn’t know how long the family can continue to support the young boy, but she also knows she has to take care of him because of the way she would want people to care for her children.
Being a mother causes Petra to feel responsibility not just for her own children, but for other people’s. Viramontes argues that, even though being a mother is often a difficult and unpleasant experience, it causes a transformation of female identity and a realignment of priorities, while men are allowed to cling to their individual identities regardless of their obligations as parents.
Themes
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Petra is also troubled by the continued swelling of her legs and Perfecto’s strange attitude. Suddenly she feels sick and walks to the side of the house, where she throws up against a wall. She covers the vomit with dirt. She feels that she’s failed a test. That night, she sleeps next to Estrella, thinking of the “lima bean in her” and wondering if it will be born without a mouth.
By describing the fetus as a “lima bean” and worrying about birth defects, Petra links her pregnancy to her work in the fields and implicitly demonstrates how this work, and her total lack of protections and rights, makes it almost impossible for her to take on the burden of a sixth child.
Themes
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Motherhood Theme Icon
Consumerism and Environmental Destruction Theme Icon
The next day, Estrella asks Perfecto how he wants to manage the barn. He predicts that if they both work on it, it will take three weeks of work. Meanwhile, he’s slicing the calluses off his feet and heating up water to burst a boil. Estrella says that Alejo needs a doctor, hoping that Perfecto will pay for the visit if she helps with the barn. Perfecto is taken aback because he expected her to ask him to take Petra to the doctor. Estrella is uneasy that he thinks her mother is “that sick,” and resentful that he’s making her choose between them.
Both Perfecto and Estrella are increasingly alarmed about the physical condition of Alejo and Petra. Yet while Estrella is preparing to take more and more adult responsibility for her family, Perfecto wants to tear down the barn in order to leave it forever. Estrella’s resentment of Perfecto suggests that, on a subconscious level, she’s already aware of this.
Themes
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Estrella remarks that they should do the job soon, before someone else does. Perfecto places a heated and sterilized glass bottle over the boil and curses as it bursts. Estrella presses the tender spot.
Occurring just as they’re discussing a doctor’s visit, Perfecto’s ability to cure his own ailments emphasizes how little access the family has to social services like medical care.
Themes
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The next day, the family prepares to visit the clinic, but the car’s back wheel immediately gets stuck in the mud. Perfecto curses and Petra reprimands him. Everyone gets out of the car except for Alejo, who is wrapped in blankets in the back. They all try to push the bumper out of the mud, but there’s no success. Knowing what to do, the children gather rocks and twigs, while Perfecto shifts Alejo in order to retrieve his crowbar from the back of the car. He’s disturbed by the way Alejo’s toes have been shaped by his badly-fitting shoes.
Rather than allowing the family to move from place to place, the car fails them when they need it most. In this sense, it emblematizes their lack of opportunity and entrapment in poverty. That Alejo’s body has been physically shaped by his bad shoes reflects the extent to which his mind and life are shaped by the conditions of poverty.
Themes
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As Perfecto starts to dig a hole around the tire, he becomes sweaty and his glasses slip. Estrella gently moves him out of the way and starts shoveling herself. Soon she’s up to her calves in mud and feels as if she’s sinking constantly. When she’s dug a big enough hole, she begins lining it with rocks. She thinks of the prehistoric girl Alejo once spoke about, who fell into the La Brea tar pits. Only her bones remained to be found; every detail of her life and thoughts disappeared.
Out of everyone in the family, Estrella is now the physically strongest – which, at times like this, means she has to take responsibility for everyone’s well-being. While Estrella never shies away from this responsibility, she does feel that it entails the loss of her personal identity: the grim job of digging out the car makes her imagine herself slipping into the tar pits, leaving no trace of her existence behind.
Themes
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Motherhood Theme Icon
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Coming of Age Theme Icon
Quotes
As she’s seen Perfecto do before, Estrella lines the hole with rocks and then covers them with broken twigs in order to create traction for the tire. The task takes an hour, and by the end her hands and clothes are covered in mud. When she signals to Perfecto, he starts the motor and everyone tenses in anticipation—but the tire only spins and sinks deeper into the mud. The car is still stuck, and Estrella’s hard work has come to nothing.
Even though Estrella has worked with diligence and skill, she still hasn’t succeeded in digging out the car. Her failure shows that hard work on an individual level is often insufficient to overcome the social barriers that keep people trapped in poverty, along with simple bad luck.
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