LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in We Were Liars, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Wealth and Greed
Bigotry and Exclusion
Death, Loss, and Memory
Lies and Invention
Romantic Love vs. Family
Summary
Analysis
The true story of the Sinclair family never made it to the newspapers, but Harris Sinclair knows it. The truth is that on a July evening two summers earlier, Gatwick Matthew Patil, Mirren Sinclair Sheffield, and Jonathan Sinclair Dennis died in a fire in Clairmont, caused by an upturned gas can in the mudroom. The house burned to the ground before fire fighters could arrive. Cadence Sinclair Eastman was on the island but did not notice the fire until it was too late. She entered the house and sustained burns on her hands and feet while attempting to rescue the people and animals trapped inside. She was later found on the beach, curled into a ball and unable to recall anything from that night.
This section begins with a reference to the “truth,” suggesting that what has come before in the narrative is a lie, or some manipulation of the truth at the least. However, the use of the word truth is deceiving, as the story it tells—of an accidental fire and of Cady discovering it and going in to save her friends—is not an accurate retelling of the events, either. But this is the version of the truth that the Sinclair family tells themselves in order to maintain their own family image.
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Harris Sinclair declined formal investigation of the fire, and the family held funerals for Gat, Mirren, and Johnny in their hometowns. Cady did not attend, as she was still suffering from a head injury. The following summer, the Sinclair family returned to the island to mourn: they fell apart, drank too much, and finally decided to build a new house on the site of the old one. Cady had no memory of the fire, and believed that she had hit her head while swimming. She suffers from migraines, which the doctors thought were due to subconscious guilt and grief over the deaths of her closest friends and family.
Harris Sinclair may know the truth about how the fire was started, but he is unwilling to let anyone question the version that he tells himself. This is for Cady’s sake, first of all, so that she will not be seen as a murderer or an arsonist by the rest of the family or the outside world. But it is also for his own benefit, as Harris is prepared to protect the image of his family no matter what the consequences, and would rather have people believe that this fire was an accident.
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The doctors suggested that Cady should recover the memories on her own, rather than hearing from her family, and that she should not go back to Beechwood immediately, until she had time to heal—both physically and mentally. She also displayed a strange need to give away all of her possessions, possibly as a form of penance for her crime; this, however, was considered a healthy part of the grieving process. Finally, after another year, Cady was deemed fit to return to the island, and was adamant that she wanted to spend the summer there. The doctors and her family thought that this would help her finish healing.
This section of the novel is told from a more distant point of view, from a more omniscient narrator who can put the pieces together more easily than Cady can. This helps to clear up many of the questions from Cady’s version of the story, like why she was suddenly whisked off to Europe after her accident, and why she was slated to go to Australia but eventually convinced her family to let her come back to the island for the summer.
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On the night of the fire, as they walked into the house, the Liars reminded each other: don’t get your feet or your clothes wet, soak everything with the gas, and keep the can away from the kindling, because you’ll need to grab it on your way out. Watch the fire catch, and then run out via the kitchen stairwell and the mudroom door. They were planning to meet up again at Cuddledown to wash their clothes and call the fire departments. But that is the last time that Cady would see Gat, Mirren, and Johnny, as they went to their respective floors. They are all a bit drunk on the wine they had stolen and were probably not thinking as clearly as they should have been. Cady looked at the objects around her, all of which reminded her of why she needed to burn down the house, and she punched a portrait of Penny, Carrie, and Bess as children.
This scene focuses in on the moments before the fire was set, and Cady begins to remember some of the details, such as the warning not to soak their clothes in the gas and the plan to meet up at Cuddledown when they finished. Cady also recalls punching a family photo, revealing her state of mind in the moment—she was ready to destroy her family to save her relationship with Gat, and therefore saw all of the Sinclairs as the enemy. But, as the narrator mentions, they had all been drinking, which is likely the real reason that three of the Liars ended up dying.
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As Cady began to pour the gas throughout the first floor, she realized that she should have started in the room farthest from the mudroom, since that was their exit. She decided that she would use the back door near Harris’s study, which led to the staff building next door. She started her fire and watched it burn, and then suddenly heard a scream from above her—Johnny was on the second floor above the study, and it burned too fast. Cady panicked, tried to open the back door, but found it bolted shut and stuck. She ran back through the kitchen, which wasn’t burning yet, and skidded on the floor that was slick with gasoline. She saw that her jeans were on fire and knew that she had to get out immediately. She yelled to anyone who could hear her that they should get out too, and then found herself rolling in the grass to stop her jeans from burning.
Cady realizes that the plan they put together was not well thought out, but it is too late at that point, and she quickly makes a secondary plan (to go out the door of Harris’s study), but even that doesn’t work out for her. Soon she is making decisions in a state of fear and panic, which diminishes her ability to understand the logical consequences and make rational choices. This illustrates that the deaths of Johnny, Mirren, and Gat were not due to any malicious actions on Cady’s part—as her fairy tale seems to indicate—but rather to bad decision-making, too much alcohol, and a lot of adrenaline.
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Outside of Clairmont, Cady called for the Liars, but they were nowhere to be found. She told herself that they must have gotten out, and ran towards the boathouse to find them. When she found no one there, she ran to Cuddledown, expecting to find them there. They weren’t there either, and Cady ran back to Clairmont, which was burning from top to bottom. She went in through the mudroom door and went into the basement to find Gat, but there was a wall of flames and she couldn’t get down there. She went to save Johnny and Mirren, but the stairwell caved in as she was going towards it, and she knew she could not save anyone.
Like the story that Harris tells himself about the fire, Cady does actually go back into Clairmont to try and save Johnny, Mirren, and Gat, but she is too late. Again, there is nothing malicious in Cady’s actions—despite her portrayal of herself as a witch who cursed them to death—and instead she is simply making a series of bad decisions that pile on top of one another and make it impossible to save her friends. In fact, Cady risks her own life in the attempted rescue, showing that her intentions were focused on the wellbeing of her friends all along.
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The memories are flooding back to Cady as she sits on the steps of Windemere where Gat left her, and she feels a cold fog enter her body. She thinks about all the things she did wrong when lighting the fire, like not setting a time for all of them to light their fires. She should have insisted that they stay together, and she never should have gone to the boathouse and Cuddledown, as that lost her time when she should have been getting the others out of Clairmont. She thinks about the life she wants for herself and the other Liars: a life in which they are free to love each other without prejudice. But now, Cady realizes, they will never have futures at all, because she has killed them. She feels frozen, even though she thinks she deserves to burn.
While many of Cady’s recovered memories were mediated in some way—that is, Johnny, Mirren, or Gat “talked” her through what happened—this final memory is one that Cady has to experience on her own, without the help of the other Liars. She is finally coming to the realization that her feelings of jealousy towards them are unfounded, as they will not have a chance to do any of the things she imagined them doing, like having boyfriends, going to college, or traveling to Rome and other European cities.
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Cady thinks about how she shouldn’t have pressed them all to take matters into their own hands; soon enough they would have been old enough to drive and go off to college, and the island and its controversy would be a far-off memory. Cady wishes that she could have been the voice of reason, but she knows that she can’t take any of it back. She climbs into bed and shivers under the covers, as pieces of her body seem to break off onto her pillow. She cries, finally: for her aunts who have lost their children, for the younger kids who have lost their siblings, for Harris who has lost his house and grandchildren, and for the dogs, who were innocent victims. She begins to miss all the things she gave away.
This scene makes the reason for Cady’s intense guilt very clear: she feels that she pushed too hard, or at least that she failed to prevent the other Liars from setting the fire, and is searching for a way to make the tragedy her fault. Cady describes losing parts of her body onto her pillow, again returning to metaphor to describe how broken she is feeling at the moment. But when she finally cries—that is the moment when Cady’s healing begins.
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Cady realizes that her aunts now hug one another not out of freedom and love, as the Liars had once hoped, but out of shared suffering. She thinks about how she let down her family, especially the people she loves, but most of all she let down Gat, who could have grown up to fight evil in the world. She mourns the version of Gat who she never got to know—the one off of Beechwood Island—and now she will never know. She then thinks about how it must have felt for them in the last moments of their lives, and how much it must have hurt as their bodies burned and shriveled. They have been on Beechwood Island with her this summer to say goodbye, to give her this last summer together, and to let her know that they love her. She needed them, and they were there.
This is the moment that Cady’s family has been waiting for since the accident: Cady has finally remembered—and understood—what happened the night of the fire, without help from any of them. This is the culmination of three weeks on the island with the other Liars existing in her mind in order to guide her slowly and carefully to this moment. Cady also immediately understands how it has been possible to spend the summer with Mirren, Gat, and Johnny, despite the fact that they are dead—she has known this all along, and it just realizing it now.
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Penny knocks on Cady’s door, asks if she has a migraine, and tells her that she loves her. Cady realizes that when she says that, she means that she loves Cady despite what she has done, and in spite of her grief. She tells Cady that Bess made a blueberry pie and Cady can eat it for breakfast if she wants. Cady opens the door for her mother and says no, she cannot come out now, and Penny notices that she has been crying. Cady apologizes for not being able to come out, and Penny tells her that she never has to say she is sorry again.
Having finally recovered all of the memories from summer fifteen, Cady is able to see her current interactions with her mother, aunts, and other cousins in a very different light. She reinterprets Penny’s words and actions in a new context, and is no longer annoyed or angry at her mom for the way she has been acting for the past two years. This, in turn, changes Penny’s attitude towards Cady as well.
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Cady goes to Cuddledown to see the Liars, and when Johnny appears, he can tell that she remembers everything. She tells him that she doesn’t know if they would still be around, now that she knows. Johnny tells her that he can’t stay much longer, and neither can Mirren or Gat. Cady asks him where they will go, and Johnny describes it as a rest, or like nothingness. He tells her that he is very tired and just wants to lie down and be done—he has been waiting for two years to rest, and is ready. He also tells Cady that it is not her fault, that they all chose to set the fire together, that she can be sad and sorry, but she should not think it is all her fault.
Cady seems to understand that the Liars only existed in order to help her recover those suppressed memories, and therefore she is ready to say goodbye to them and let them go. She says that she worried they will already be gone, but they have one last job to do for Cady—she needs to hear their feelings about the fire, to be able to understand what they were going through emotionally in that final moment. Johnny forgives Cady for her part in his death—the first of her interactions with the Liars that brings her closer toward emotional closure.
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Cady talks to Mirren, who tells her that she wants to accept her fate, but is still full of jealousy and anger at Cady and the rest of the family. She tells Cady that she has to go, and Cady wants to beg her to stay, but she doesn’t. She also wants to “bleed across the great room floor” or “melt into a puddle of grief,” but she only cries and hugs Mirren one last time. She then sees Gat, who runs to her and swoops her up into the air, swinging her around like they are a happy couple on the beach. They hold each other as Mirren and Johnny walk out into the ocean, and when he finally has to leave as well, he kisses her. Then they dive into the water and are gone, leaving Cady alone on the beach.
When Cady talks to Mirren, she is not nearly as forgiving as Johnny is, and shares her feelings with Cady. This helps Cady find balance between forgiving herself, as Johnny has done, and grieving over the lives she helped cut short. These goodbyes also help Cady learn to stand up to the pain she is feeling, rather than sinking into it and retreating from reality. Her saddest goodbye is Gat—she does not want to lose the feeling of being with him, and holds on tight to him until he must finally leave her for good.
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Cady sleeps for days, waking a few times to find that it is light, and then dark, outside her window. She looks at herself in the mirror when she finally gets up, and notices her rusty brown hair with blonde roots, and doesn’t recognize the person she sees. She goes to New Clairmont to find her aunts making sandwiches for a picnic. Ed is there, and he waves to Cady as he helps put together picnic supplies. Bonnie asks her if she is feeling better, and Liberty tells her that they are going tubing in the morning, and Cady is invited. Everyone knows Cady has remembered everything, though she hasn’t mentioned it yet. Penny can tell.
This kind of emotional experience is as exhausting as anything Cady has experienced, and she needs to let her body and mind rest a bit. She wakes into a new world, in which she knows that she is the lone survivor of the fire and can finally return to the rest of her family with that knowledge. The world is unfamiliar to her, and the fact that her mother and aunts are talking peacefully and that Ed is there demonstrates the shift that has occurred.
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Harris takes Cady to Edgartown, where he buys her a book of fairy tales at the bookstore. Cady mentions that Ed has returned, and tells Harris that she knows he doesn’t like him, but he is there with Carrie. Harris acknowledges this and tells her to stop bothering him about it so they can go get fudge. When she is back on Beechwood Island, Cady goes to Cuddledown and cleans up the mess she made; when she finishes, she begins to draw a simple picture of the Liars and puts it on the fridge next to the old drawings they drew when they are younger.
Cady is finally able to talk to Harris differently, now that she knows what has happened. She is no longer angry at him because she now understands how much he has lost—when they talk about Ed, for example, Harris maintains some of the same prejudices as before, but Cady is no longer determined to change his mind or show him the error of his ways. He has experienced enough in the past two years, and she can now feel sympathy for her grandfather, rather than the resentment that drove her to set fire to Clairmont in the first place.
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Cady tells herself another fairy tale: once there was a king with three beautiful daughters. They grew up and had children, but something terrible happened. All the children died in a fire, except for one, and she was left alone. No, that’s not correct—the children died except for three girls and two boys. There are Cady, Liberty, Bonnie, Taft, and Will. The three princesses raged and cried, drank and shopped, and cleaned obsessively. They also forgave each other. The fathers were angry too, but they were all far away. The children are grieving were, and had nightmares and migraines. But the tragedy did not mean the end of this family.
Cady’s final fairy tale breaks from the formula in order to expand her definition of family—there are not just three children, as before. There are other people who can become part of the story, because they are also alive and members of her family. She is coming to terms with the fact that the Liars’ deaths are just part of their family story at this point, and that it will change them, but it will not destroy them.
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The story of the fire became mysterious and glamorous to outsiders, and the surviving family also became glamorous—but they know that tragedy is not glamorous, it is ugly and confusing. Cady is nearly eighteen, and committed a foolish crime. That is the main thing to know about Cady, and will be for a long time. But she knows that there will be more to her identity in the future.
Finally, Cady is aware that this tragedy will ensure that her family image will never reflect reality, and that no one will ever quite understand what happened. But she is also able to recognize that she is in charge of her future, which is one positive thing she has taken from this experience.