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Caleb Dardenne
Stars
In If We Were Villains, stars symbolize the pressure of fate that weighs on the central characters—especially James, who laments his lack of agency throughout the novel. James struggles under the yoke of…
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Bruises
The physical bruises that Richard leaves on his friends represent the emotional bruises they sustain as a result of his abuse and cruelty. He leaves his mark on all of the fourth-years, one by one—he…
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The Sparrow
The sparrow is an ever-evolving symbol, something that Oliver keeps coming back to throughout the story’s course. Overall, however, it represents the inevitability of death. Oliver pulls the image from Hamlet’s lines, just before he…
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