Second Class Citizen

by

Buchi Emecheta

Francis Character Analysis

Francis Obi, an accounting student, marries Adah when they are both minors in Nigeria because Francis’s poor parents expect that Adah’s education will make her a good earner. As a child, Francis observed his father beating his mother; though he intervened to stop the beatings when he got older, he doesn’t respect women much. He thinks of Adah as his possession because they are married. Though at first he feels threatened that Adah makes more money than he does, Francis quickly and happily decides he can take Adah’s salary and use it for his own purposes. When Adah convinces him that they should move to London—away from his controlling father—Francis goes along with the idea, but in London he is demoralized by British racism and ends up embracing a view of himself as a “second class citizen.” Francis’s internalized racism and his repeated failures to pass the accountancy exams, which were, in theory, the entire reason the family moved to England, make him subconsciously want Adah to hate herself and fail at achieving her goals too. He begins beating her and refuses to let her use contraception, even though Adah has a dangerous emergency C-section while giving birth to their third child. When Adah writes the manuscript of a novel called The Bride Price, he burns it out of spite—which motivates her to finally leave him. After she leaves, he tracks her down, tells her that Nigerian spouses don’t separate, and violently beats her. When she takes him to court, he tells the judge that they were never married and refuses to help support their children, showing his lack of repentance for his violent, exploitative, misogynistic behavior.

Francis Quotes in Second Class Citizen

The Second Class Citizen quotes below are all either spoken by Francis or refer to Francis. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Class, Gender, and Race Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1: Childhood Quotes

She was not even quite sure that she was exactly eight, because, you see, she was a girl. She was a girl who had arrived when everyone was expecting and predicting a boy. So, since she was such a disappointment to her parents, to her immediate family, to her tribe, nobody thought of recording her birth. She was so insignificant.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 7
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2: Escape into Elitism Quotes

The relatives wiped their eyes and stared at Adah. What was the matter with her? Wives cried in the presence of their departing husbands, not when they had gone and could not see the tears!

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 32
Explanation and Analysis:

Boy was now all alone. He had to work very hard to keep the family name going. Adah had dropped out of it. She had become an Obi instead of the Ofili she used to be. Boy had resented this, but his presence at the wharf showed that he had accepted the fact that in Africa, and among the Ibos in particular, a girl was little more than a piece of property.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa, Boy
Page Number: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3: A Cold Welcome Quotes

Adah was quietened [sic] by the sharpness in his voice. The sharpness seemed to say to her: “It is allowed for African males to come and get civilised in England. But that privilege has not been extended to females yet.” […] It was a sad indication of what was coming, but she prayed that the two of them would be strong enough to accept civilisation into their relationship.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 36–37
Explanation and Analysis:

“You must know, my dear young lady, that in Lagos […] you may be earning a million pounds a day; you may have hundreds of servants: you may be living like an élite, but the day you land in England, you are a second-class citizen.”

Related Characters: Francis (speaker), Adah, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 41
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4: The Daily Minders Quotes

Everybody talked and speculated. The trouble was that Ada was like a peacock, who kept wanting to win all the time. Only first-class citizens lived with their children, not the blacks.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 47
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5: An Expensive Lesson Quotes

She told herself to stop being over-romantic and soft. No husband would have time to ask his pregnant wife how she was feeling so early in the morning. That only happened in True Stories and True Romances, not in real life, particularly not with Francis for that matter. But despite the hard talking to herself, she still yearned to be loved, to feel really married, to be cared for.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Trudy, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa, Boy
Page Number: 56
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6: “Sorry, No Coloureds” Quotes

This was where she differed from Francis and the others. They believed that one had to start with the inferior and stay there, because being black meant being inferior. Well, Adah did not yet believe that wholly, but what she did know was that being regarded as inferior had a psychological effect on her. The result was that she started to act in the way expected of her because she was still new in England, but after a while, she was not going to accept it from anyone. She was going to regard herself as the equal of any white.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 71
Explanation and Analysis:

You come to behave and act like a mad person if you are surrounded by mad people. Was that what people called adaptation? she wondered.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 73
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8: Role Acceptance Quotes

But the one thing Adah could not stand was when a group of people took a portion of the Bible, interpreted it the way that suited them and then asked her to swallow it like that, whole. She became suspicious. She did not mind it if Francis believed it, except when it disturbed his studies or if either of the children needed a blood transfusion and he refused.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi
Page Number: 100–101
Explanation and Analysis:

Francis was so happy and was coming over to her cane chair, kissing her very, very softly, telling her how virtuous she was and how he now was the lord and master of several farms, miles and miles around. What more could a man want than a virtuous wife like her who had helped him achieve all this?

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Bubu
Page Number: 108
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9: Learning the Rules Quotes

Her adoptive parents were good, she added quickly, too quickly for Adah, who could never guess how it could be possible for somebody else to love you as if you were their very own flesh and blood. They did love her, her adoptive parents, but she was determined to make a happy home for herself, where she would be loved, really loved, and where she would be free to love. She had been lucky. It seemed as if her dream was coming true.

“It is not coming true; it is true. You are now almost like a princess,” Adah said, wanting to cry.

Related Characters: Adah (speaker), Francis, Adah’s Pa, The Sleek Woman
Page Number: 114
Explanation and Analysis:

When in Rome, do as Rome does. When in University College Hospital in Gower Street, do as they do in University College Hospital in Gower Street. Neat, that.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 118
Explanation and Analysis:

“I brought my children here to save them from the clutches of your family, and, God help me, they are going back as different people; never, never are they going to be the type of person you are. My sons will learn to treat their wives as people, individuals, not like goats that have been taught to talk.”

Related Characters: Adah (speaker), Francis, Titi, Vicky, Bubu, Trudy
Page Number: 121–122
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10: Applying the Rules Quotes

At least some of the provisions of the Welfare State worked for both second- and first-class citizens alike.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Vicky, Trudy
Page Number: 131
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 11: Population Control Quotes

Why was it necessary to have a husband brought into an issue like this? Could not the woman be given the opportunity of exercising her own will? Whatever happened, she was not going to have any more children.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Bubu
Page Number: 142
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 12: The Collapse Quotes

“Don’t you remember, or have you forgotten, the saying of our people, that a husband and his wife always build their home for many things but particularly for quarrels? A home is where you quarrel in.” Adah nodded, she did remember.

She should have asked Mr Okpara whether the old people lived in one room, whether the men gave babies to their wives in such quick succession.

Related Characters: Okpara (speaker), Adah, Francis
Page Number: 156
Explanation and Analysis:

She worked out a timetable, and found that she could manage to have three hours of quiet each afternoon. Then her old dream came popping up. Why not attempt writing? She had always wanted to write. Why not?

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Dada
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 13: The Ditch Pull Quotes

Francis could kill her child. She could forgive him all he had done before, but not this.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky, Bubu, Dada, Bill
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 170
Explanation and Analysis:
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Francis Quotes in Second Class Citizen

The Second Class Citizen quotes below are all either spoken by Francis or refer to Francis. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Class, Gender, and Race Theme Icon
).
Chapter 1: Childhood Quotes

She was not even quite sure that she was exactly eight, because, you see, she was a girl. She was a girl who had arrived when everyone was expecting and predicting a boy. So, since she was such a disappointment to her parents, to her immediate family, to her tribe, nobody thought of recording her birth. She was so insignificant.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 7
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2: Escape into Elitism Quotes

The relatives wiped their eyes and stared at Adah. What was the matter with her? Wives cried in the presence of their departing husbands, not when they had gone and could not see the tears!

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 32
Explanation and Analysis:

Boy was now all alone. He had to work very hard to keep the family name going. Adah had dropped out of it. She had become an Obi instead of the Ofili she used to be. Boy had resented this, but his presence at the wharf showed that he had accepted the fact that in Africa, and among the Ibos in particular, a girl was little more than a piece of property.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa, Boy
Page Number: 34
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3: A Cold Welcome Quotes

Adah was quietened [sic] by the sharpness in his voice. The sharpness seemed to say to her: “It is allowed for African males to come and get civilised in England. But that privilege has not been extended to females yet.” […] It was a sad indication of what was coming, but she prayed that the two of them would be strong enough to accept civilisation into their relationship.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 36–37
Explanation and Analysis:

“You must know, my dear young lady, that in Lagos […] you may be earning a million pounds a day; you may have hundreds of servants: you may be living like an élite, but the day you land in England, you are a second-class citizen.”

Related Characters: Francis (speaker), Adah, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 41
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 4: The Daily Minders Quotes

Everybody talked and speculated. The trouble was that Ada was like a peacock, who kept wanting to win all the time. Only first-class citizens lived with their children, not the blacks.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 47
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5: An Expensive Lesson Quotes

She told herself to stop being over-romantic and soft. No husband would have time to ask his pregnant wife how she was feeling so early in the morning. That only happened in True Stories and True Romances, not in real life, particularly not with Francis for that matter. But despite the hard talking to herself, she still yearned to be loved, to feel really married, to be cared for.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Trudy, Adah’s Ma, Adah’s Pa, Boy
Page Number: 56
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 6: “Sorry, No Coloureds” Quotes

This was where she differed from Francis and the others. They believed that one had to start with the inferior and stay there, because being black meant being inferior. Well, Adah did not yet believe that wholly, but what she did know was that being regarded as inferior had a psychological effect on her. The result was that she started to act in the way expected of her because she was still new in England, but after a while, she was not going to accept it from anyone. She was going to regard herself as the equal of any white.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 71
Explanation and Analysis:

You come to behave and act like a mad person if you are surrounded by mad people. Was that what people called adaptation? she wondered.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky
Page Number: 73
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8: Role Acceptance Quotes

But the one thing Adah could not stand was when a group of people took a portion of the Bible, interpreted it the way that suited them and then asked her to swallow it like that, whole. She became suspicious. She did not mind it if Francis believed it, except when it disturbed his studies or if either of the children needed a blood transfusion and he refused.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi
Page Number: 100–101
Explanation and Analysis:

Francis was so happy and was coming over to her cane chair, kissing her very, very softly, telling her how virtuous she was and how he now was the lord and master of several farms, miles and miles around. What more could a man want than a virtuous wife like her who had helped him achieve all this?

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Bubu
Page Number: 108
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9: Learning the Rules Quotes

Her adoptive parents were good, she added quickly, too quickly for Adah, who could never guess how it could be possible for somebody else to love you as if you were their very own flesh and blood. They did love her, her adoptive parents, but she was determined to make a happy home for herself, where she would be loved, really loved, and where she would be free to love. She had been lucky. It seemed as if her dream was coming true.

“It is not coming true; it is true. You are now almost like a princess,” Adah said, wanting to cry.

Related Characters: Adah (speaker), Francis, Adah’s Pa, The Sleek Woman
Page Number: 114
Explanation and Analysis:

When in Rome, do as Rome does. When in University College Hospital in Gower Street, do as they do in University College Hospital in Gower Street. Neat, that.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis
Page Number: 118
Explanation and Analysis:

“I brought my children here to save them from the clutches of your family, and, God help me, they are going back as different people; never, never are they going to be the type of person you are. My sons will learn to treat their wives as people, individuals, not like goats that have been taught to talk.”

Related Characters: Adah (speaker), Francis, Titi, Vicky, Bubu, Trudy
Page Number: 121–122
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10: Applying the Rules Quotes

At least some of the provisions of the Welfare State worked for both second- and first-class citizens alike.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Vicky, Trudy
Page Number: 131
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 11: Population Control Quotes

Why was it necessary to have a husband brought into an issue like this? Could not the woman be given the opportunity of exercising her own will? Whatever happened, she was not going to have any more children.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Bubu
Page Number: 142
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 12: The Collapse Quotes

“Don’t you remember, or have you forgotten, the saying of our people, that a husband and his wife always build their home for many things but particularly for quarrels? A home is where you quarrel in.” Adah nodded, she did remember.

She should have asked Mr Okpara whether the old people lived in one room, whether the men gave babies to their wives in such quick succession.

Related Characters: Okpara (speaker), Adah, Francis
Page Number: 156
Explanation and Analysis:

She worked out a timetable, and found that she could manage to have three hours of quiet each afternoon. Then her old dream came popping up. Why not attempt writing? She had always wanted to write. Why not?

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Dada
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 162
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 13: The Ditch Pull Quotes

Francis could kill her child. She could forgive him all he had done before, but not this.

Related Characters: Adah, Francis, Titi, Vicky, Bubu, Dada, Bill
Related Symbols: The Bride Price
Page Number: 170
Explanation and Analysis: