The characters in Cane live in an era and a society that sorts people into strict categories by race, gender, and class. Yet, the poems, vignettes, and short stories in the collection repeatedly insist that reality is not that stark or simple. Cane instead portrays identity as a fluid, ever-evolving manifestation of a person’s experience in the world. By doing so, it makes an eloquent case that a better future awaits a society that can learn to evolve beyond simple binaries and an unimaginative and limiting set of identity markers.
Cane expresses is critique of limited—and limiting—identities in two main ways: it shows how poorly unambiguous, delineated identities reflect the reality of the human condition, and it emphasizes the emotional violence and trauma these limitations inflict on people. The collection foregrounds people with fluid identities, particularly multiracial people like Halsey, racially ambiguous characters like Esther (who looks White) and Paul (who actively passes as White in Chicago). Others actively defy the limitations of their society, like Becky, the White woman who has two sons by a Black man. But living as a marginalized or marginal person, on the border of several identities always causes suffering in the book. Dan Moore feels suffocated by the expectations of polite society. Paul understands his value in the end but cannot convince Bona to look past his race. And Ralph Kabnis’s inability to fit in anywhere—in the North where he grew up, in the South where he now lives, at the school for up-and-coming Black children, or in the manual labor of Halsey’s wagon shop—torments him to the brink of a breakdown. In general, then, Cane suggests that navigating identity is one of the basic tasks of being alive, and in the end, it strongly suggests that impeding this task can lead to serious and deadly consequences.
Navigating Identity ThemeTracker
Navigating Identity Quotes in Cane
Dan: Old stuff. Muriel—bored. Must be. But she’ll smile and she’ll clap. Do what youre bid, you she-slave. Look at her. Sweet, tame woman in a brass box seat. Clap, smile, fawn, clap. Do what youre bid. Drag me in with you. Dirty me. Prop me in your brass box seat. I’m there, am I not? because of you. He-slave. Slave of a woman who is a slave. I’m a damned sight worse than you are. I sing your praises, Beauty! I exalt thee, O Muriel! A slave, thou are greater than all Freedom because I love thee.
Art has on his patent-leather pumps and fancy vest. A loose fall coat is swung across his arm. His face has been massaged, and over a close shave, powdered. It is a healthy pink the blue of evening tints a purple pallor. Bubbling over with a joy he must spend now if the night is to contain it all. His bubbles, too, are curiously tinted purple as Paul watches them. Paul, contrary to what he thought he would be, is cool like the dusk, and like the dusk, detached. His dark face is a floating shade in evening’s shadow. […] But is it not queer, this pale purple facsimile or a red-blooded Norwegian friend of his? Perhaps for some reason, white sinks are not supposed to live at night. Surely, enough nights would transform them fantastically, or kill them.
Crimson Gardens. Hurrah! So one feels. People…University of Chicago students, members of the stock exchange, a large Negro in crimson uniform who guards the door…had watched them enter. Had leaned towards each other over ash-smeared tablecloths and highballs and whispered: What is he, a Spaniard, an Indian, an Italian, a Mexican, a Hindu, or a Japanese? Art had at first fidgeted under their stares…what are you looking at, you godam pack of owl-eyed hyenas?…but soon settled into his fuss with Helen, and forgot them. A strange thing happened to Paul. Suddenly he knew he was apart from the people around him. Apart from the pain which they had unconsciously caused. Suddenly he knew that people saw, not attractiveness in his dark skin, but difference. Their stares, giving him to himself, filled something long empty within him and were like green blades sprouting in his consciousness. He saw himself, cloudy but real.
Kabnis wants to rise and put both Halsey and Hanby in their places. He vaguely knows that he must do this, else the power of direction will completely slip from him to those outside. The conviction is just strong enough to torture him. To bring a feverish, quick-passing flare into his eyes. To mutter words soggy in hot saliva. To jerk his arms upward in futile protest. Halsey, noticing his gestures, thinks it is water that he desires. He brings a glass to him. Kabnis slings it to the floor. Heat of the conviction dies. His arms crumple. His upper lip, his moustache, quiver. Rap! Rap, on the door. The sounds slap Kabnis. They bring a hectic color to his cheeks. Like huge cold finger tips they touch his skin and goose-flesh it. Hanby strikes a commanding pose. He moves toward Layman. Layman’s face is innocently immobile.
His eyes shift to Kabnis. In the instant of their shifting, a vision of the life they are to meet. Kabnis, a promise of a soil-soaked beauty; uprooted, thinning out. Suspended a few feet above the soil whose touch would resurrect him. Arm’s length removed from those whose will to help…There is a swift intuitive interchange of consciousness. Kabnis has a sudden need to rush into the arms of this man. His eyes call, “Brother.” And then a savage, cynical twist-about within him mocks his impulse and strengthens him to repulse Lewis. His lips curl cruelly. His eyes laugh. They are glittering needles, stitching. With a throbbing ache they draw Lewis To. Lewis brusquely wheels on Hanby.
Kabnis, with great mock-solemnity, goes to the corner, takes down the robe, and dons it. He is a curious spectacle, acting a part, yet very real. He joins the others at the table. They are used to him. Lewis is surprised. He laughs. Kabnis shrinks and then glares at him with a furtive hatred. Halsey, bringing out a bottle of corn licker, pours drinks.