Anita is the youngest child in a close-knit nuclear family, and she adores her many aunts, uncles, and grandparents. But in the months before the novel begins, all of Anita’s extended family immigrates to New York from the Dominican Republic—and right after Anita begins her story, her favorite cousin, Carla, leaves suddenly with her family, too. As Anita learns why her nuclear family hasn’t left yet (Mami and Papi are major players in the resistance movement against the Dominican Republic’s dictator, Trujillo), she’s forced to confront the question of whether it’s more important to be loyal and supportive of one’s country or one’s family. Ultimately, the novel proposes that it is, to some degree, impossible to choose only family or country—family and politics are often tightly intertwined. The political is, in every way, personal.
At first, Anita sees politics and family as entirely separate—and learning that this isn’t correct is frustrating and confusing for her. Following the sudden departure of her cousins, SIM agents—the Dominican secret police—search the family compound and keep watch for weeks right outside the gates. This is understandably frightening for everyone, but for Anita it brings with it another indignity: despite Mami’s insistence that the family carry on as usual, she won’t let Anita go to school. When all Anita craves is a sense of normalcy, it’s frustrating to see Mami so worried but refusing to explain why, or to see her older brother Mundín allowed to accompany Papi to work. But what Anita doesn’t fully grasp is that she’s being kept out of school for her safety. Since Papi and Anita’s Tío Toni are known to be political dissidents, the entire family’s safety is at risk. She has to give up her sense of normalcy if Mami and Papi are to keep their family members safe.
Indeed, Mami and Papi show throughout the novel that they prioritize familial loyalty and safety over anything else. This is why, when Mundín attempts to accompany Papi to secret meetings and even to the assassination of Trujillo, Papi reminds Mundín of his responsibility as the oldest son: to become the head of the family should Papi die. By giving Mundín this responsibility, Papi ensures that he will in good conscience be able to continue work on the resistance—his son, who’s fast becoming a man, will be able to help his mother and sisters in a worst-case scenario. And at the same time, this keeps Mundín safe by making it clear that joining the resistance isn’t the only way to be valorous or moral; it’s also honorable to care for one’s family. If he believes what Papi tells him is true and focuses on his family, Mundín won’t find himself arrested for involvement with the resistance.
In return, Papi also makes the case that being involved in the resistance movement is in service of his family, again emphasizing that family life and political life are inextricably linked. Papi is vocal about his dreams for the Dominican Republic. He wants to be involved in the process of bringing education, economic opportunity, fair elections, and safety to every citizen. But while this is a goal that will help everyone in the Dominican Republic, Papi also makes it clear that he wants to make his country a safe place for everyone in his family. Papi’s dream is that, after getting rid of Trujillo and setting up a democratic government, his entire family will be able to return home and resume their lives, happier and freer than ever before. With this, the novel shows clearly that the political is personal; a person’s personal experiences are what make it worthwhile to get involved in the political sphere.
And yet, Anita still must come to grips with the fact that the political being personal can, at times, feel invasive and improper. Following the assassination of Trujillo, the secret police arrest Papi, Tío Toni, and other members of the resistance group while Mami, Mundín, and Anita go into hiding in various diplomats’ homes. It takes several months but eventually, all three in hiding make it to New York to await news on Papi and Toni. Mami says again and again that they’ll return to the Dominican Republic the moment they hear that prisoners have been released and the new dictator has stepped down. But instead, the family in New York receives news that Papi and Toni were two of the final six prisoners who were brutally murdered in the hours before the regime collapsed, which turns Anita’s father and uncle into internationally known heroes. Anita, however, struggles with how to react when her family and others in the United States thank her for her father’s sacrifice and note that the Dominican Republic is free because of him. Though it seems likely that her father’s death in captivity was always going to make him a public figure, it’s still difficult for Anita to deal with people treating Papi’s death as heroic martyrdom when for her, it has a very different meaning: her beloved father is dead. With this, the novel ends with the sense that family and politics are always intertwined and always influence each other, whether a person likes it or not.
Family and Politics ThemeTracker
Family and Politics Quotes in Before We Were Free
I look up at the portrait of our Benefactor, El Jefe, which hangs above the classroom, his eyes watching over us. [...]
Just staring at El Jefe keeps my tears from flowing. I want to be brave and strong, so that someday if I ever meet the leader of our country, he’ll congratulate me. “So, you are the girl who never cries?” he’ll say, smiling down at me.
“Are they really policemen?” I keep asking Mami. It doesn’t make any sense. If the SIM are policemen, secret or not, shouldn’t we trust them instead of being afraid of them? But all Mami will say is “Shhh!” Meanwhile, we can’t go to school because something might happen to us. “Like what?” I ask. Like what Chucha said about people disappearing? Is that what Mami worries will happen to us? “Didn’t Papi say we should carry on with normal life?”
Now I’m really confused. I thought we liked El Jefe. His picture hangs in the front entryway with the saying below it: IN THIS HOUSE, TRUJILLO RULES. “But if he’s so bad, why does Mrs. Brown hang his picture in our classroom next to George Washington?”
“We have to do that. Everyone has to do. He’s a dictator.”
I’m not really sure what a dictator does. But this is probably not a good time to ask.
“You know how your parents will sometimes ground your brother or sister? It’s not because they don’t love him or her, now, is it? It’s because they’re concerned and want to make him or her a better person.”
The more I think about it, an embargo sounds an awful lot like the punishment chair at home whenever we misbehave.
“So how has the Dominican Republic misbehaved?” one of the Dominican students wants to know.
But that is a question Mrs. Brown won’t answer.
We are free! I want to cry out. But thinking about how the SIM raided our property, how Tío Toni had to disappear, how I have to erase everything in my diary, I know that Oscar is telling the truth. We’re not free—we’re trapped—the Garcías got away just in time! I feel the same panic as when the SIM came storming through our house.
“One last big favor to ask you, mi amor. No more writing in your diary for the time being.
“That’s so unfair!” Mami gave me the diary for Christmas. Telling me not to write in it is like taking away my only present.
“I know it is, Anita.” Mami wipes away my tears with her thumbs. “For now, we have to be like the little worm in the cocoon of the butterfly. All closed up and secret until the day...” She spreads her arms as if they were wings.
I lift the sheet and she looks down with a questioning expression. Then a knowing smile spreads on her lips. “Congratulations,” she says, leaning over and kissing me. “My baby sister’s a señorita.”
I don’t feel like a señorita. I feel more like a baby in wet diapers. And I don’t want to be a señorita now that I know what El Jefe does to señoritas.
I admit I feel mean participating in this scheme—but I also understand that our lives are in danger. A tip from Lorena could wipe us out. It’s so unfair to have to live in a country where you have to do stuff you feel bad about in order to save your life. It’s like Papi and Tío Toni planning to assassinate Mr. Smith when they know that murder is wrong. But what if your leader is evil and rapes young girls and kills loads of innocent people and makes your country a place where not even butterflies are safe?
“I think we’d better have the nurse look at you,” she says, taking my hand.
I don’t resist. I stand and walk with her. As we cross the front of the room, Charlie Price makes a circle motion in the air to Sammy, who grins as if he agrees.
I feel like screaming, I AM NOT CRAZY! But instead, I swallow that scream, and suddenly it’s very quiet inside me.
Actually, Mr. Mancini says that people are secretly calling it an ajusticiámiento, which means bringing to justice, the way criminals have to face the consequences of their evil deeds.
I feel so much better thinking that Papi and Tío Toni were doing justice, not really murdering killing hurting someone. But still...just the thought of my own father—
Whenever I feel this way, I start writing in my diary so there’s another voice that I can listen to. A third radio, tuned to my own heart.
So I snuck off to the bathroom with my diary, and soon enough, Mami was calling me, saying it was rude for me to be off by myself, come join them and be sociable, but then Tía Mari told her to let me be, that it’s a good thing that I’m writing, that ever since I started keeping this diary, I’m talking a lot more.
It took her saying it for me to realize it’s true.
The words are coming back, as if by writing them down, I’m fishing them out of forgetfulness, one by one.
Today’s note was just to me. I guess from his hiding place, Mundín caught a glimpse of María de los Santos sitting in the gallery with some young fellow, and he wants to know what I know.
I couldn’t believe that Mundín was thinking about a girlfriend at a time like this!
But then... I’m thinking a lot about Oscar! As Chucha would say, the hunchback laughing at the camel’s hump!
Then one of them shook our hands and said, “Welcome to the United States of America,” and pointed us out of Immigration. And there was my answer to how I would survive in this strange, new world: my family was waiting for us—Mundín and Lucia, my grandparents, Carla, her sisters, and Tía Laura and Tío Carlos and Tía Mimí—all of them calling out, “Anita! Carmen!”
I guess I finally understand what [Chucha] and Papi meant by wanting me to fly. It was like the metaphors Mrs. Brown was always talking about. To be free inside, like an uncaged bird. Then nothing, not even a dictatorship, can take away your liberty.
But now that Papi is dead, it doesn’t seem so scary to die. Sometimes, I think it’s scarier to be alive, especially when you feel that you’ll never be as happy and carefree as when you were a little kid. But I keep remembering Chucha’s dream. She saw us sprouting wings, flying up and away. It has to mean more than our coming to the United States. After all, as Chucha herself would say, what good is it to escape captivity only to be imprisoned in your own misery?
What I see as I look down aren’t angels but butterflies, the arm swings connecting to the leg swings like a pair of wings, our heads poking out in between! I’m sure if Chucha were here, she would say they are a sign. Four butterflies from Papi, reminding me to fly.
I close my eyes, but instead of making a wish, I think about Papi and Tío Toni and their friends who died to make us all free. The emptiness inside starts filling with a strong love and a brave pride.
Okay, Papi, I say, I promise I’ll try.