After Darkness

by

Christine Piper

Summary
Analysis
The day before the baseball final, Dr. Ibaraki plans to tend the gardens of the Buddhist altar. Hayashi has offered to cover Ibaraki’s shift the next day so he may attend the game. When he leaves his hut for the day, Ibaraki hears a commotion indicating that Johnny Chang and the others returned from their hearing in Melbourne. Ibaraki sees Johnny and the other men, noticing their sad expressions. He approaches Johnny, who tells him that their appeals were rejected with no hope for another chance—the system was set up against them, with no protocol for holding hearings for Australian citizens.
The failure of Johnny’s hearing dashes his hopes for release. Symbolically, it highlights the injustice of the internment system, which indiscriminately interned anyone with a connection to Japan without regard for cultural nuance—i.e., Johnny’s Australian birth and multicultural existence in Broome.
Themes
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
Dr. Ibaraki returns to his hut and begins to write a letter to his mother, expressing his sadness over Nobuhiro’s death. Knowing that the censors will cut much of his letter, he limits the information about his life. After lunch, Ibaraki goes to the altar gardens despite the windy conditions. Due to the wind, he hears voices from beyond the garden. The speakers are Mr. Yamada and Mayor Mori. From their conversation, Ibaraki knows for sure that Yamada was Stanley Suzuki’s attacker. During the rest of their conversation, though Ibaraki cannot hear every word, he hears desperation in Yamada’s voice and Stan’s name many times. Ibaraki also hears his own and Hayashi’s name, and he figures out their plan: Hayashi volunteered to take Ibaraki’s shift in order to find some way to silence Stan.
When Ibaraki learns that Yamada is truly Stan’s attacker, he is disillusioned with Yamada for good. The fact that Hayashi took Ibaraki’s shift not out of kindness but as part of a plan to silence Stan mirrors Ibaraki’s long process of realizing that the authority structures that he previously trusted can have sinister motives.
Themes
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
Upon hearing Mr. Yamada and Mayor Mori’s conversation, Dr. Ibaraki is overcome with the feeling that he is unable to do right by anyone he cares about. He hurries to find Johnny Chang to get some help in the situation, but Johnny’s hutmates haven’t seen him. Ibaraki staggers through the dusty wind to get to the infirmary, but his compound is sealed and the new guard, Davies, will not let him through and threatens to shoot him. He continues to run around the dust storm, looking for Johnny.
Ibaraki’s instinct to run to Johnny indicates that, with his new distrust in the authority figures in the camp, he trusts that Johnny will do what he can to make things right. However, Johnny’s absence hints at the fact that the circumstances of his internment, after all this time, may have broken down his strength.
Themes
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
Quotes
At the daily headcount that evening, Dr. Ibaraki sees Johnny in a disheveled state. Major Locke makes a few announcements: first, he introduces Private Davies. Second, he announces that the baseball championship will be postponed due to the weather.  Furthermore, he bans all other outdoor activity, bidding the internees to stay in their huts or the mess hall. Johnny protests, provoking Davies. After the headcount, Ibaraki talks to Johnny, who says that he will get out of the camp no matter what it takes. Ibaraki tries to talk with Johnny about Stan, but he says he has his own problems to worry about and leaves. Ibaraki watches Mr. Yamada in the mess hall, disgusted by his casual nature. Dr. Ibaraki returns to his hut, worrying about Stan.
Major Locke’s ban on outdoor activities reinforces the extreme degree of control that the authorities of the camp exercised over the internees. Private Davies’s reaction to Johnny’s provocation foreshadows his rash and violent actions later on in the novel. Furthermore, Johnny’s refusal to discuss Stan indicates a change in his personality, as he usually prioritizes being a loyal friend, especially to Stan.
Themes
The Dangers of Nationalism Theme Icon
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
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Back in his hut, Dr. Ibaraki confronts Mr. Yamada about his plans to harm Stanley Suzuki. Though Yamada’s façade of casual demeanor slips, he denies that he has any such plan. When he realizes that Ibaraki does know something, he is very angry. Yamada tells Ibaraki that, if anything happens to Stan, people will think it is Ibaraki’s fault because of their medical history together.
Yamada’s reaction to Ibaraki’s accusations shows his true colors: he is an angry, violent, disloyal person. When Yamada threatens Ibaraki, he demonstrates the fact that he does not respect Ibaraki and would have no problem throwing him under the bus in order to maintain his position of power.
Themes
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
Quotes
Suddenly, as Dr. Ibaraki and Mr. Yamada stare at each other, a siren sounds outside. Ibaraki takes his chance to run from the hut. He arrives at Johnny’s hut, where no one has seen him. Ibaraki and Johnny’s friends conclude that Johnny is trying to escape, and that’s why the siren sounds. They are interrupted by two loud cracks in the air: gunshots. Upon hearing the gunshots, Dr. Ibaraki runs outside, barely able to see because of the dust storm. Someone calls for a doctor and Ibaraki goes towards the scene of the commotion. There, he finds Officer McCubbin standing over the body of Stanley Suzuki. Private Davies shot him.
Johnny’s decision to escape reflects his rebellious streak within the camp. When Private Davies shoots Stan by accident, he reveals his violent and impulsive nature. Furthermore, as Davies had not bothered to make sure that the person he saw was Johnny (or even was trying to escape), it is clear that Davies does not value the lives of the internees.
Themes
The Dangers of Nationalism Theme Icon
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Two days after Stan’s death, Dr. Ibaraki visits Johnny Chang in detention—Johnny is serving a sentence for trying to escape. The officers found him the day before, four miles from the camp. Ibaraki notices how weak he looks, having cut his hands and feet on the barbed wire. Ibaraki tells him that all the guards were on alert for an escape because of the dust storm. He also tries to tell Johnny about Stan’s death, but Johnny already knows. The men wonder why Stan was standing so near the fence. Ibaraki tells Johnny about the memorial service that he is planning. In his grief, Johnny expresses that he should have been the one who died.
Johnny’s appearance in the detention is a far cry from the strong, confident man that Ibaraki met in Broome. The cuts on his hands are a physical manifestation of the power that the internment camp has over the bodies of the internees. Johnny’s guilt over Stan’s death highlights his deep care for Stan.
Themes
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
A couple of days later, the dust storm had cleared up. The memorial ceremony occurs in the garden next to the altar, which Dr. Ibaraki and Stan’s other friends cleared up. Over 30 people, including Officer McCubbin, attend the service, where they unveil a handcrafted plaque in honor of Stan, who was only 22 when he died. Ibaraki makes a speech, first in English, and then in Japanese. He speaks of his relationship with Stan, Stan’s pure heart, and Stan’s love for his family. After the speech, Ibaraki and the other attendees place offerings near the plaque and release dirt onto it. At the end of the ceremony, all the men bow out of respect for Stan.
The fact that Ibaraki organized the memorial service for Stan is a testament to the strength of their friendship and to Ibaraki’s growth as a friend, caretaker, and person. Officer McCubbin’s attendance at the service represents the solidarity that exists between himself and the internees. The collective actions at the ceremony of placing offerings, releasing dirt, and bowing highlights the power of community to come together and honor one of their own.
Themes
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Quotes
As life returns to normal after Stan’s death, Dr. Ibaraki goes about his routines. Yamada largely leaves Ibaraki alone and does not roster him for the more unpleasant chores, perhaps afraid that Ibaraki will report Yamada’s violence towards Stan. Though Ibaraki does not report Yamada, he tells Officer McCubbin that Yamada and Mori are bad people—an uncharacteristic choice for him. After 12 days of detention, the officers release Johnny Chang. Anxious about his upcoming court case over his escape attempt, Johnny is more subdued than usual. Ibaraki also suspects that Johnny suffered from the knowledge that his actions indirectly caused Stan’s death, since he set off the siren while escaping.
Yamada’s treatment of Ibaraki after Stan’s death signals a shift in power in their relationship—whereas before his death Yamada held more power, now Ibaraki poses a threat to Yamada. Ibaraki’s choice to tell McCubbin his feelings about Ibaraki and Mori indicates his personal growth in becoming more confident and open with his feelings.
Themes
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
On Dr. Ibaraki’s day off from the infirmary, he visits the gardens that now house Stan’s plaque. The old gardener suggests that the plaque deserves a nicer spot and that there ought to be a pond in the gardens. At the gardener’s direction, Ibaraki begins digging a pond with a makeshift shovel. Later that day, having mentioned his new project to a friend, Johnny Chang and a few more men come to help Ibaraki dig the pond. With their teamwork, the group finishes most of the pond in an afternoon.
Much like Stan’s memorial, the collective effort that the internees put into digging a pond for the garden highlights the power of collective action to improve one’s circumstances. In this act, Ibaraki’s fellow internees show solidarity not only for Stan but also for Ibaraki himself, united in the mission to pay their respects to Stan.
Themes
Isolation and Trauma Theme Icon
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Two weeks later, the court of inquiry into Stanley Suzuki’s death takes place. Johnny Chang and Dr. Ibaraki wait together to be questioned. Private Davies enters the room, looking like a different, exhausted man. The court calls Johnny in for questioning, and Davies sits in the waiting room. Ibaraki realizes that Davies is full of regret. Ibaraki is one of the last men that the court calls, and as he waits, he wonders why Stan was staring at the sky.
Private Davies’s haggard appearance at the hearing shows his remorse over Stan’s death. This remorse highlights the fact that violence (especially race-based violence) benefits nobody in the novel—even its perpetrators suffer.
Themes
The Dangers of Nationalism Theme Icon
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
After hours of waiting, the guard calls Dr. Ibaraki’s name. The interviewer asks Ibaraki to identify himself and describe the night of the shooting. They then question him about Stan’s suicide attempt, pressing Ibaraki on why he did not report the bullying to camp officials. The interviewers then ask Ibaraki if Stan ever spoke about escaping, and even if Stan wanted to die the night he was shot. When they suggest that Ibaraki should have known Stan’s feelings as his friend, Ibaraki bursts into tears. They end the session, and Johnny takes Ibaraki outside. There, Ibaraki breaks down, saying that he could have helped Stan and many other people more than he did. Johnny comforts him.
When the interviewers ask Ibaraki why he did not do more to prevent Stan’s suicide attempt, they are clearly trying to find a way to absolve the internment camp of responsibility for Stan’s death. Ibaraki’s intense reaction to this line of questioning demonstrates the care that he had for Stan and, furthermore, his deep desire to care for people in general. His public display of emotion shows a growth in Ibaraki—he is no longer afraid to show his feelings for the sake of honor.
Themes
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
After the inquiry, the court finds that Stanley Suzuki had been attempting to escape, but that Private Davies was guilty of negligence, having not issued the proper warning to him before shooting. The officials only lightly punish Davies, suspending him without pay indefinitely. After two more days of his sentence, Johnny gets out of detention.
The light punishment inflicted on Private Davies exposes the imbalance of power present in the Australian social landscape. Though he killed a man, he does not receive a punishment more severe than suspension from his job.
Themes
The Dangers of Nationalism Theme Icon
Racism, Xenophobia, and Division Theme Icon
The next Monday morning, Major Locke declares that he will make an announcement later that day. The camp is abuzz with rumors of a prisoner exchange and thus the possibility for release, and all the men discuss what they miss most about home. At the end of the day, Locke announces that there will indeed be a prisoner exchange. He reads out the names of the men selected. These men include Mayor Mori and Mr. Yamada. Though Dr. Ibaraki has mixed feelings about the idea of returning to Japan, he is upset that Mori and Yamada may be able to. Just as Dr. Ibaraki is getting used to the idea of camp without Yamada or Mori, Major Locke calls his name. His friends congratulate him, but Ibaraki feels that he does not deserve it.
The prisoner exchange that takes place at this point in the novel indicates progress in the war. Ibaraki’s release, along with that of Mori and Yamada, shows the level of respect that he as a doctor holds within his social landscape. His mixed feelings about returning to Japan underscores the fact that, though the internment camp is unjust and dehumanizing, he has built stronger relationships in the camp than he has back in Japan.
Themes
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
In the time after Major Locke’s announcement, tensions run high at the camp. Many men become very depressed at their inability to return to Japan. On the other hand, Johnny and his friends are glad to have not been chosen, wanting to stay in their native Australia. They decide to apply to transfer to a camp with more Australians.  Dr. Ibaraki continues to wrestle with his mixed feelings about returning to Japan. 
Johnny and his friends’ decision to apply to transfer to a camp with more Australians shows the importance of solidarity in surviving unjust conditions. Unlike Ibaraki, Johnny and his Australian-born friends do not have nationalist connections to Japan. This fact further emphasizes the complex dynamics of nationality and race in the internment camp.
Themes
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
The day before he leaves, Dr. Ibaraki pays a final visit to the infirmary. He visits Harada, who tells Ibaraki that he is like a brother to him. Ibaraki says that the two will stay in touch, but Harada insists that he will die in the camp, never able to see Minnie again. Ibaraki thinks of Kayoko and the uncertainty of their relationship. 
Throughout the novel, Harada and Minnie present a healthy example to Ibaraki of a devoted relationship. Furthermore, Ibaraki’s friendship with Harada has provided Ibaraki with a constant throughout the monumental change of his life in Broome.
Themes
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Guilt and Atonement Theme Icon
On the day of the voyage, the men gather to say their goodbyes. Dr. Ibaraki carries not only his luggage but also gifts from his friends in the camps and letters that people asked Ibaraki to deliver in Japan. Mayor Mori gives a short speech, much to Ibaraki’s disdain. Still, Ibaraki is relieved that Mori and Yamada will no longer be able to harm people in the camp. After the speech, Dr. Ibaraki sees Johnny. The two have a heartfelt goodbye, with Johnny telling Ibaraki that he really deserves to go home. Ibaraki says goodbye to his other friends and momentarily wishes to stay. The men walk to the entrance of the camp, where Officer McCubbin tells Ibaraki that he is a good man. The men board the truck to leave, and Ibaraki watches the camp shrink away.
Ibaraki and Johnny’s final goodbye calls into attention the extreme growth in their relationship. Though at first Ibaraki saw Johnny as a troublemaker and Johnny saw him as a coward, the two men developed a mutual love and respect as allies in the camp. Furthermore, McCubbin’s compliment to Ibaraki addresses Ibaraki’s insecurity’s about not being a good person.
Themes
Kindness, Compassion, and Selflessness Theme Icon
Quotes