Previous
Chapter 1
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Garbology, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Hidden Costs of Waste
Consumerism vs. Conservation
The Power of Individuals
Money and Politics
Summary
Analysis
Around the year 1900, New York City was so dirty that sailors could smell it from 6 miles out at sea. Other American urban centers fared little better. Puente Hills represented the endpoint of the waste management techniques developed in the early 20th century. It was a success at handling massive volumes of waste but a failure in addressing the fundamental problem of where waste came from.
While this chapter describes the origins of America’s garbage crisis, it mixes pessimism with a more optimistic story of how one person (with a lot of help) was able to change the course of garbage in one city—and arguably the whole world—for the better.
Themes
The modern landfill was developed by the corrupt Tammany Hall political machine that ran New York City in the late 1800s and early 1900s. At that point, trash was so prevalent across the country that even the White House was full of rats, roaches, and the smell of garbage.
Tammany Hall was a “political machine”—basically an organization that worked behind the scenes to get out votes for specific candidates. Political machines are generally considered undemocratic, since they are often run by means of bribes and corruption. Tammany Hall was notoriously corrupt and controlled politics in New York City for decades.
Themes
A new mayor in New York City, eager to reform, wanted to hire someone to take on the garbage problem. The job was offered to Teddy Roosevelt, but he turned it down (believing that the job of police commissioner would be better for his political prospects). Instead, the job went to George E. Waring, a former Civil War colonel who had worked as a city engineer. Waring turned reforming the city’s sanitation into a personal crusade and made his workers call him “Colonel” and salute.
This passage about George E. Waring suggests that sometimes making history is about finding the right person for the job. Initially, Waring seems eccentric and perhaps unsuited to holding a serious leadership role (at least in a civilian government). As the rest of the chapter shows, however, Waring’s unusual style was exactly what it took to shake up the stagnant, ineffective state of sanitation in New York at the time.
Themes
Waring’s first move was to hire an “army” of street cleaners (who wore matching white uniforms and marched together). Though some mocked Waring’s “White Wings” (as the cleaners were called), their distinctive look soon became iconic around the world. When Waring died, his New York Times obituary said that he had done more for the city’s sanitation than anyone before him. Waring set the blueprint for sanitation commissioners across the United States.
Waring’s decision to approach waste systematically and with an army-like discipline stands in stark contrast to many of the other politicians in the book, who rely more on short-term thinking. Humes uses Waring as an example of what can be accomplished in the fight against trash when someone brings a clear plan and is allowed to see it through, despite initial criticism.
Themes
Get the entire Garbology LitChart as a printable PDF.
One of Waring’s big innovations was finding ways to remove usable materials from garbage, like skimming out tin to be melted and reused. Once the usable materials were removed, the trash was transported to landfills, which were unsanitary and full of rats (unlike the more modern Puente Hills) but still a massive improvement over the dirty streets of before.
Because Waring had so much autonomy to run his program, he was able to help pioneer ideas like recycling that still exist today. Humes shows why strong leadership is important and why leaders should be given leeway to accomplish their goals.
Themes
One unusual consequence of Waring’s success is that it made people happier with politicians in New York City, allowing Tammany Hall to pick up more seats in the next election cycle. Waring was forced out by the new regime, but many of his successors built on his ideas. His ideas also influenced officials in other cities around the world, particularly Los Angeles, which in the early 20th century had a major smog problem.
This passage mentions a problem that will come up again and again in the book: complacency. Frequently, genuinely positive ideas like recycling will have unexpectedly negative side effects because they help people rationalize more waste.
Themes
Residents of Los Angeles had been encouraged to burn their trash at home, but the officials who recommended this disposal method didn’t realize how it contributed to pollution, particularly smog. It took until 1957 for home incinerators to be banned in the city. The new law led to even greater demand for space to dump trash. With the dawn of the 1960s and the “age of the plastic bag,” things would only get worse.
Humes doesn’t necessarily support home incinerators, but he shows how the seemingly positive step of banning them to prevent smog ended up having unexpected negative consequences. In particular, it created a much greater demand for places to dump trash, setting the stage for super-sized landfills like Puente Hills.
Themes
