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Part 3, Chapter 21: Campside
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The Gulag Archipelago, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Oppression and Totalitarianism
Survival and the Human Spirit
The Dangers of Ideology
Power as a Corrupting Force
The Value of Religion and Spirituality
Summary
Analysis
The question of whether the labor of prisoners in the Archipelago benefited the state economically was debated throughout the majority of its existence. Politically, Solzhenitsyn explains, the camps served Stalin’s purposes perfectly. They functioned as a tool of terror and control, allowing him to intimidate millions. The camps also sustained a whole class of camp officials, guards, and administrators who profited greatly from their existence. These people enjoyed safe military service, special rations, pay, and social status. The camps, in this way, supported a parasitic system that many feared to lose.
The dual purpose of the camps highlights how Stalin’s regime prioritized political control over economic logic. Solzhenitsyn emphasizes that the Archipelago’s main function was not economic productivity but rather the cultivation of a climate of fear that solidified Stalin’s power. This political benefit created a parasitic class reliant on the camps for privilege and status, fostering an environment where maintaining the system took precedence over evaluating its efficiency.
Themes
Economically, the foundation of the Archipelago rested on forced labor. Prisoners performed brutal, often pointless tasks that no free citizen would endure. Projects like the Belomor Canal and the Moscow-Volga Canal depended on prisoners digging with primitive tools in extreme conditions. However, despite appearances, the camps never paid for themselves. Prisoners worked inefficiently and thievery was everywhere, which perpetuated a culture of waste.
The inefficiency of forced labor within the Gulag reveals the fundamental flaw in using repression as an economic tool. Solzhenitsyn’s reference to projects like the Belomor and Moscow-Volga Canals shows how the Soviet government viewed human lives as expendable resources, disregarding productivity in favor of ideological demonstrations of power.
Themes
Additionally, mismanagement plagued the system. Officials issued orders without considering logistics, often starting major construction projects in the worst seasons or making catastrophic decisions that led to wasted labor and resources. Projects like the Salekhard-Igarka railroad were abandoned, leaving behind nothing but the wreckage of human lives and failed construction. Ultimately, the Archipelago’s labor system did not generate economic profit but instead drained the nation’s resources. The high cost of sustaining this brutal apparatus made it an immense financial burden, one driven more by ideology and the need for control than any genuine economic sense.
The failure of the Archipelago’s projects due to gross mismanagement reflects the broader inefficiency of Stalinist governance. Solzhenitsyn’s description of abandoned projects like the Salekhard-Igarka railroad serves as a metaphor for the Soviet regime’s disregard for human and economic costs in pursuit of ideological goals. The emphasis on control over competence turned the Archipelago into a financial sinkhole, illustrating how Stalin’s obsession with oppression took precedence over sustainable development.
Themes
