A Little Life

by

Hanya Yanagihara

A Little Life: Part 6: Dear Comrade: Chapter 1 Summary & Analysis

Summary
Analysis
One of Willem’s first starring roles was in an adaptation of the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, Life After Death. This year is the 20th anniversary of Life After Death, and Jude is shocked when he walks outside and sees Willem’s young face plastered all over the sides of buildings and bus shelters. Jude planned to go walking, but he turns around and goes inside. Jude receives an invitation from MoMA to speak on a panel after a screening of the film. They apparently invited him once before, but he doesn’t remember. Then again, he doesn’t remember a lot of things these days. 
The myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is about a poet, Orpheus, who travels to the underworld to recover his beloved, Eurydice, from Hades, the king of the underworld. Hades allowed Eurydice to follow Orpheus back to the world of the living, but only if Orpheus walked in front of her and didn’t turn back. Orpheus disobeys and looks back, and so Eurydice remains in the underworld. The basic point of the story is that mortals are powerless against the laws of the gods and must obey them. The myth resembles Jude’s romance with Willem somewhat: Jude repeatedly doubted that he was good enough for Willem or deserved the happiness that being with Willem brought him. He felt that he would be punished for having things he supposedly didn’t deserve—and with Willem’s tragic death, Jude’s fears come true. 
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Before Jude goes to bed that night, he goes to Willem’s side of the closet. All his clothes are still there. Jude grabs a shirt Willem used to wear in the spring and ties the sleeves around his front. He pretends the sleeves are Willem’s arms embracing him, and then he climbs into bed. Sometimes, he pulls down the shirt’s collar so that he can smell Willem’s scent, but the scent grows fainter every day.
This brutal scene illustrates the depth of Jude’s grief. He feels lost and uprooted without Willem by his side to give his life meaning and purpose. This is exactly the thing Jude spent years closing himself off from others to avoid, and the minute he let his guard down and finally allowed himself to love and be loved, that love was ripped away. The world of this novel is truly a relentlessly cruel place.
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It’s taken months for Jude to figure out how to survive. For a while, he watches all of Willem’s movies. But Willem’s acting is so different than the way he was in life. Next, Jude tries pretending that Willem is just away filming. This is hard to sustain, though, since Jude and Willem were always in contact whenever Willem was away. Jude is glad he still has all of Willem’s old e-mails. For a while, he reads them and pretends he’s just received them.  Next, Jude creates a fantasy where Willem is shooting a spy movie funded by a Russian billionaire and actually filmed in space, which make it impossible for Willem to call or text or email. The fantasy is ridiculous, but it’s just plausible enough for Jude to believe it. He names the movie Dear Comrade, because Willem addressed some of their emails this way when he was shooting a spy trilogy.
Willem’s death has been a horrifically traumatic experience for Jude. The way he pretends that Willem is simply away for a film shoot suggest that he’s in denial about the death. This is a coping mechanism Jude has used before, as with his denial of his disability or his refusal to identify as a victim of sexual assault.
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Jude was only able to face the reality of Willem’s absence last November. He remembers hardly anything of the preceding months, and very little of the night Willem died. He remembers tearing leaves of basil into the bowl of pasta salad. It was getting late, but Willem liked to take back roads. After a while, he called JB to ask if Willem, Malcolm, or Sophie had contacted him. JB prattled on about his breakup. He assured Jude that everything was fine—that they’d be there soon. Jude called Willem’s phone, then Malcolm’s, then Sophie’s. He called JB again. Then the doorbell rang. It was the police, and when they removed their hats, Jude understood.
All alone in Lantern House, the vacation home he and Willem built together, a major symbol of the life they built together, Jude feels the full force of Willem’s death—the police officers don’t even need to say the words aloud, and Jude knows he’s lost Willem forever. It’s also worth noting, though, that Jude also loses Malcolm, one of his best friends. Now Jude is more alone than ever, given that his relationship with JB is still somewhat rocky. 
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Everything after this is a blur. Later, Jude learns that he identified Willem’s body by a mole on his calf—they didn’t let Jude see Willem’s face, which had been destroyed. Sophie died on impact. Malcolm was declared braindead, but his parents kept him on life support long enough to donate his organs. The driver who hit their car had been drunk. Jude returns to work at the end of September. He’s glad he has practical matters to take on: he sues the car manufacturer and the rental company. He sues the drunk driver. When he learns that the driver has a terminally ill child, and that the suit will bankrupt the family, he does not care. He wants everything destroyed. He doesn’t even care about the money.
This passage reveals that Malcolm and Sophie died in the car accident, as well. Now, of the four friends, only JB and Jude remain. At this point, the narrative takes on a shifting, surreal quality as Jude pieces together the months that followed Willem’s death. The fragmented quality of the prose reflects Jude’s immense grief and mimics the way Jude blocks out reality to cope with the trauma of Willem’s sudden death. The ruthlessness with which Jude attacks the family of the drunk driver is completely out of character for Jude. Normally, Jude assumes that he deserves the bad things that happen to him. Now, he seems to want revenge. 
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In November, Harold calls Jude and asks about Thanksgiving. Jude tries to get out of it, but Harold says he shouldn’t spend the holiday alone, so they go to London and have a terrible time. Then, they return. In December, Jude wakes up and realizes that Willem is gone, and that he will never see him again. He cries for the first time since Willem’s death. He doesn’t know how he’ll go on. The entire life he built after his early traumas had Willem in it. Harold insists that things will get better, but Jude knows they won’t.
The only life that matters to Jude is the life that he built from the ruins of his own traumatic past. Willem was at the center of that life, and now that he’s gone, Jude is as adrift as he was at 16. Can any person, much less someone like Jude who has already endured so many hardships, be expected to recover from such an enormous loss? And is it right to force them to recover from that loss? Harold cares about Jude and wants him to stay alive, but this sentiment ultimately selfish?
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Jude starts staying at the office until sunrise. He takes pills to stay awake, and other pills to sleep. On good nights, he dreams of Willem. He knows that his friends are watching him, and that they are concerned. Even he is wondering why he hasn’t killed himself. For now, he lives in denial, though he knows that his fantasies will one day fade. In January, he has a dream about Willem but can’t hear Willem’s voice. He wakes up and scrolls through his computer until he finds a few of Willem’s old voice messages.
Jude knows that his fantasies won’t sustain him forever; his inability to hear Willem’s voice in his dream is evidence of this. Inevitably, Jude must decide whether he can reinvent himself and find meaning in a life without Willem, or whether such a life isn’t worth living, and such a reinvention not worth the trouble.
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Another day, Jude goes through Willem’s old files in his study. He finds old photos of Willem with Hemming. Then, inside an accordion file, Jude finds all the birthday cards he has ever given Willem, and every email he has ever sent him. There’s a card from Harold, sent just after Jude’s adoption. Jude has never bothered to document his life, but it turns out that he didn’t need to: Willem did it for him.
That Willem kept such a detailed record of Jude’s life proves that Willem has always believed that Jude mattered —even when Jude couldn’t believe these things about himself. Now, Jude sees himself through Willem’s eyes—and the picture is more flattering than the one Jude usually sees.
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Quotes
Jude recalls a time just after his surgery when he was still in recovery and tired all the time. Willem was lifting him out of bed, and Jude said he wished he could stay in bed forever. Willem asked Jude why he didn’t just quit, then. Was there any reason to work? Willem listed all the things Jude could do instead: he could play the piano, or volunteer, or go to shoots with Willem. They’d laughed together, but now, Jude wonders, why didn’t he quit? Why had he gone to Rosen Pritchard every day instead of enjoying those years together with Willem?
Jude has never turned to work to give his life meeting like JB has. More often, he’s turned to work to impose order and control on his life—to keep his suppressed traumas at bay, and to curb his impulse to harm himself. Now, in the aftermath of Willem’s death, he wishes he had turned to Willem for these things instead. But now, it’s too late.
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Jude heads home from work and checks his phone. There are texts from his friends. The last one is from JB. Jude hates JB. On some subconscious level, Jude blames JB for Willem’s death, though he knows this makes no sense. And though he hasn’t voiced his feelings aloud, he knows that JB can sense them. He’s seen JB only two times since Willem’s death. JB texts Jude twice a week to check in. Jude sends him the same generic message back (thanking him for caring, making an excuse about being busy, and promising to reach out soon), but Jude has no plans to reach out. Jude would trade JB for Willem. In fact, he’d trade any of any of his friends for Willem.
Jude’s irrational thoughts following Willem’s death—his ruthless desire to punish the drunk driver’s family or the way he blames JB, for instance—mark a shift in the way Jude’s grapples with suffering. Normally, he blames himself for the bad things that happen to him. Now, just as irrationally, he wants to blame others. Tension builds in this passage as the reader is left to wonder whether Jude will try to reconcile with the only of his three best friends still alive, or whether he will continue to write JB off.
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One Sunday in April, Jude wakes to the sound of banging at his door. Then Richard is by his side. Richard apologizes, then he explains that Jude hadn’t been answering his phone, so he thought he’d check in. He asks Jude to have dinner with him downstairs. Jude tries to make excuses, but Richard insists.
Richard, like Harold and JB, seems to feel obligated to check in on Jude and make sure he remains alive. It’s evident from Richard’s remark about Jude not answering his phone that Jude has been isolating himself from his friends rather than going to them for comfort.
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Downstairs, Richard refuses to let Jude help with the cooking. Jude sits alone at the table as Richard cooks. Richard pours them both a glass of wine, then he wishes Jude a happy birthday. Jude hadn’t realized it was his birthday; he’s 51. Richard tells Jude he loves him, though he knows it won’t help. Jude breaks down and cries. He used to be too embarrassed to cry, but now, he’ll cry in front of anybody. Jude and Richard eat dinner and then dessert. Jude is relieved when Richard tells him he can go back upstairs. He hasn’t socialized in so long, and he’s exhausted. Then Richard hands Jude a package and tells him that Willem wouldn’t want to see him so unhappy. Before Jude leaves, Richard encourages him to call JB—JB might not have loved Willem the way Jude did, but he's grieving him (and Malcolm) too.
Willem didn’t live past 51, so this birthday has a heavy significance for Jude. Also note how readily Jude expresses vulnerability in front of others now, when he has struggled with this for most of his life. Losing Willem has completely uprooted Jude, and it remains to be seen whether he’ll find a way to ground himself—or if he even wants to. This is the second mention of JB in a short while, implying that Jude may reach out to him after all—if only because, as Richard advises Jude, Willem would have wanted him to do so.
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Jude returns to his apartment and unwraps Richard’s present. He nearly cries when he sees a bust of Willem carved out of wood. Next, Jude opens the box of things that Malcolm willed to him. Flora sent it over weeks ago, but he hasn’t been able to open it. Inside is a model of Lantern House, along with Malcolm’s other designs. Next, there’s an envelope of old photos from college. The last item is most special of all: a scale model of Lispenard Street. In retrospect, those years weren’t very special. But at the time, it seemed like life couldn’t be better. Sometimes, Jude and Willem would imagine what life would’ve been like if they’d never left—if they’d never moved forward in their careers, in their friendships, in their lives. Jude sits in silence for a while. Then he turns on his phone and calls JB.
Malcolm’s models of Lispenard Street and Lantern House symbolize not just Willem and Jude’s relationship, but the broader idea that a person’s life gains meaning through the relationships they build with others. Life isn’t about the accolades or wealth or fame a person accumulates. It’s about lived experience: the time one spends with others. When Jude decides to call JB, he’s deciding to leave the accumulated grievances of their fraught past behind in order to pave a path forward. All in all, Jude has undergone a major change in this chapter alone. He began beside himself with grief, isolating himself from his friends, and not wanting to go on; now, he’s showing signs of wanting to live and grow.     
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